%** Introduction.tex: Contains an introduction to
%                     the topic and motivates the work.
%                     State what the reader can find where.

%** Problem.tex: Documentation in own words of the problem to
%                be addressed in this document:
%                What is the challenge, why is it useful what you
%                plan to do.


%% In \ref{introduction} we start with our introduction to the problem that we
%% are going to address.  Since we do not want to waste the readers time we
%% go and show the essential issues of latex in section
%% \ref{chapter2:essentials}.


\chapter{\label{introduction}Introduction}
In this chapter we give an introduction about the topic of the master
thesis, the motivation and problemes that we address.

% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{\label{introduction:ipv4ipv6}IPv4 exhaustion and IPv6 adoption}
The Internet has almost completely run out of public IPv4 space. The
5 Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) report IPv4 exhaustion world wide
(\cite{ripe_exhaustion},
\cite{apnic_exhaustion},
\cite{lacnic:_ipv4_deplet_phases},
\cite{afrinic:_afrin_ipv4_exhaus},
\cite{arin:_ipv4_addres_option}) and LACNIC project complete
exhaustion for 2020 (see figure \ref{fig:lacnicexhaust}).

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{lacnicdepletion}
  \centering
  \caption{LACNIC Exhaustion projection,
    \cite{lacnic:_ipv4_deplet_phases}}
  \label{fig:lacnicexhaust}
\end{figure}

On the other hand IPv6 adoption grows significantly, with at least
three countries (India, US, Belgium) surpassing 50\% adoption
(\cite{akamai:_ipv6_adopt_visual},
\cite{vyncke:_ipv6_deploy_aggreg_status}).

\cite{cisco:_ipv6}). Traffic from Google users reaches almost 30\% as
of 2019-08-08 (\cite{google:_ipv6_googl}, see figure \ref{fig:googlev6}).
\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{googlev6}
  \centering
  \caption{Google IPv6 Statistics,
    \cite{google:_ipv6_googl}}
  \label{fig:googlev6}
\end{figure}
We conclude that IPv6 is a technology strongly gaining importance with
the IPv4 depletion that is estimated to be world wide happening in the
next years. Thus more devices will be using IPv6, while communication
to legacy IPv4 devices still needs to be provided.

% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{\label{introduction:motivation}Motivation}
IPv6 nodes and IPv4 nodes cannot directly connect to each other,
because the protocols are incompatible to each other.
To allow communication between different protocol nodes,
several transition mechanism have been proposed
\cite{wikipedia:_ipv6}, \cite{rfc4213}.

However installation and configuration of the transition mechanism
usually require in depth knowledge about both protocols and require
additional hardware to be added in the network.

In this thesis we show an in-network transition method based on NAT64
\cite{rfc6146}. Compared to traditional NAT64 methods which require an
extra device in the network, our proposed method is transparent to the
user. This way neither the operator nor the end user has to configure
extra devices. Figures \ref{fig:v6v4standard} shows the standard NAT64
approach and \ref{fig:v6v4innetwork} shows our solution.

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{v6-v4-innetwork}
  \centering
  \caption{In Network NAT64 translation}
  \label{fig:v6v4innetwork}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{v6-v4-standard}
  \centering
  \caption{Standard NAT64 translation}
  \label{fig:v6v4standard}
\end{figure}

The in network solution does not only ease the installation and
deployment of IPv6, but it also allows line speed translation, because
it is compiled into target dependent low level code that can run in
ASICs\cite{networks:_tofin},
FPGAs\cite{netfpga:_p4_netpf_public_github}
or even in software \cite{_implem_your_switc_target_with_bmv2}.

\section{\label{introduction:taskdescription}The Task}
 - Milestone 1: Stateless NAT64/NAT46 translations in P4
 - Milestone 2: Stateful (dynamic) NAT64/NAT46 translations
 - Milestone 3: Hardware adaption

This thesis is
into 3 milestone
P4 environment
a lot of potential
Programming language in the network
Not only faster, but also more convienient.

**** High speed NAT64 with P4
 Currently there are two main open source NAT64 solution available:
 tayga and jool. The former is a single threaded, cpu bound user
 space solution, the latter a custom Linux kernel module.

 This thesis challenges this status quo by developing a P4 based
 solution supporting all features of jool/tayga and comparing the
 performance, security and adaptivity of the solutions.


Describe your task.


\section{\label{chapter2:linespeed}Line Speed NAT64}
NAT64 in software is CPU bound. Hardware can potentially do this at
line speed.

\section{\label{chapter2:transitition}Simplify IPv6 deployments}
Currently network operators have to focus on two network stacks when
designing networks: IPv6 and IPv4. As To simplify network setups


\section{todo}
\begin{verbatim}

***** Motivation zeigen
***** IPv6, NetPFGA mehr Möglichketien
***** P4 erwähnen
***** Task gut zu zeigen,  alles erreicht
 use cases / sample applications


\end{verbatim}