Merge branch 'master' of git+ssh://code.ungleich.ch/ungleich-public/ungleich-staticcms
This commit is contained in:
sanghee
commit
3dea593aaa
38 changed files with 2507 additions and 63 deletions
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 131 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 209 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 124 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 212 KiB |
BIN
assets/u/image/ipv6-mobile-router.jpg
Normal file
BIN
assets/u/image/ipv6-mobile-router.jpg
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 248 KiB |
BIN
assets/u/image/k8s-v6-v4-dns.png
Normal file
BIN
assets/u/image/k8s-v6-v4-dns.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 88 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
|
|||
title: Bye, bye netboot
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-08-31
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich infrastructure team
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: yes
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
Data Center Light servers are switching to disk based boot
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
Since the very beginning of the [Data Center Light
|
||||
project](/u/projects/data-center-light) our servers have been
|
||||
*somewhat stateless* and booted from their operating system from the
|
||||
network.
|
||||
|
||||
From today on this changes and our servers are switched to boot from
|
||||
an disk (SSD/NVMe/HDD). While this first seems counter intuitive with
|
||||
growing a data center, let us explain why this makes sense for us.
|
||||
|
||||
## Netboot in a nutshell
|
||||
|
||||
There are different variants of how to netboot a server. In either
|
||||
case, the server loads an executable from the network, typically via
|
||||
TFTP or HTTP and then hands over execution to it.
|
||||
|
||||
The first option is to load the kernel and then later switch to an NFS
|
||||
based filesystem. If the filesystem is read write, you usually need
|
||||
one location per server or you mount it read only and possibly apply
|
||||
an overlay for runtime configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
The second option is to load the kernel and an initramfs into memory
|
||||
and stay inside the initramfs. The advantage of this approach is that
|
||||
no NFS server is needed, but the whole operating system is inside the
|
||||
memory.
|
||||
|
||||
The second option is what we used in Data Center Light for the last
|
||||
couple of years.
|
||||
|
||||
## Netboot history at Data Center Light
|
||||
|
||||
Originally all our servers started with IPv4 PXE based
|
||||
netboot. However as our data center is generally speaking IPv6 only,
|
||||
the IPv4 DHCP+TFTP combination is an extra maintenance and also a
|
||||
hindrance for network debugging: if you are in a single stack IPv6
|
||||
only network, things are much easier to debug. No need to look for two
|
||||
routing tables, no need to work around DHCP settings that might
|
||||
interfere with what one wants to achieve via IPv6.
|
||||
|
||||
As the IPv4 addresses became more of a technical debt in our
|
||||
infrastructure, we started flashing our network cards with
|
||||
[ipxe](https://ipxe.org/), which allows even older network cards to
|
||||
boot in IPv6 only networks.
|
||||
|
||||
Also in an IPv6 only netboot environment, it is easier to run
|
||||
active-active routers, as hosts are not assigned DHCP leases. They
|
||||
assign addresses themselves, which scales much nicer.
|
||||
|
||||
## Migrating away from netbooting
|
||||
|
||||
So why are we migrating away from netbooting, even after we migrated
|
||||
to IPv6 only networking? There are multiple aspects:
|
||||
|
||||
On power failure, netbooted hosts lose their state. The operating
|
||||
system that is loaded is the same for every server and needs some
|
||||
configuration post-boot. We have solved this using
|
||||
[cdist](https://www.cdi.st/), however the authentication-trigger
|
||||
mechanism is non-trivial, if you want to keep your netboot images and
|
||||
build steps public.
|
||||
|
||||
The second reason is state synchronisation: as we are having multiple
|
||||
boot servers, we need to maintain the same state on multiple
|
||||
machines. That is solvable via CI/CD pipelines, however the level of
|
||||
automation on build servers is rather low, because the amount of OS
|
||||
changes are low.
|
||||
|
||||
The third and main point is our ongoing migration towards
|
||||
[kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/). Originally our servers would
|
||||
boot up, get configured for providing ceph storage or to be a
|
||||
virtualisation host. The amount of binaries to keep in our in-memory
|
||||
image was tiny, in the best case around 150MB. With the migration
|
||||
towards kubernetes, every node is downloading the containers, which
|
||||
can be comparable huge (gigabytes of data). The additional pivot_root
|
||||
workarounds that are required for initramfs usage are just an
|
||||
additional minor point that made us question our current setup.
|
||||
|
||||
## Automating disk based boot
|
||||
|
||||
We have servers from a variety of brands and each of them comes with a
|
||||
variety of disk controllers: from simple pass-through SATA controllers
|
||||
to full fledged hardware raid with onboard cache and battery for
|
||||
protecting the cache - everything is in the mix.
|
||||
|
||||
So it is not easily possible to generate a stack of disks somewhere
|
||||
and then add them, as the disk controller might add some (RAID0) meta
|
||||
data to it.
|
||||
|
||||
To work around this problem, we insert the disk that is becoming the
|
||||
boot disk in the future into the netbooted servers, install the
|
||||
operating system from the running environment and at the next
|
||||
maintenance window ensure that the server is actually booting from it.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are curious on how this works, you can checkout the script that
|
||||
we use for
|
||||
[Devuan/Debian](https://code.ungleich.ch/ungleich-public/ungleich-tools/-/blob/master/debian-devuan-install-on-disk.sh)
|
||||
and
|
||||
[Alpine Linux](https://code.ungleich.ch/ungleich-public/ungleich-tools/-/blob/master/alpine-install-on-disk.sh)
|
||||
|
||||
## The road continues
|
||||
|
||||
While a data center needs to be stable, it also needs to adapt to
|
||||
newer technologies or different flows. The disk based boot is our
|
||||
current solution for our path towards kubernetes migration, but who
|
||||
knows - in the future things might look different again.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to join the discussion, we have a
|
||||
[Hacking and Learning
|
||||
(#hacking-and-learning:ungleich.ch)](/u/projects/open-chat/) channel
|
||||
on Matrix for an open exchange.
|
||||
|
||||
Oh and in case [you were wondering what we did
|
||||
today](https://twitter.com/ungleich/status/1432627966316584968), we
|
||||
switched to disk based booting - that case is full of SSDs, not 1'000
|
||||
CHF banknotes.
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1 MiB |
162
content/u/blog/datacenterlight-active-active-routing/contents.lr
Normal file
162
content/u/blog/datacenterlight-active-active-routing/contents.lr
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
|
|||
title: Active-Active Routing Paths in Data Center Light
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2019-11-08
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: Nico Schottelius
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: NicoSchottelius
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
From our last two blog articles (a, b) you probably already know that
|
||||
it is spring network cleanup in [Data Center Light](https://datacenterlight.ch).
|
||||
|
||||
In [first blog article]() we described where we started and in
|
||||
the [second blog article]() you could see how we switched our
|
||||
infrastructure to IPv6 only netboot.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we will dive a bit more into the details of our
|
||||
network architecture and which problems we face with active-active
|
||||
routers.
|
||||
|
||||
## Network architecture
|
||||
|
||||
Let's have a look at a simplified (!) diagram of the network:
|
||||
|
||||
... IMAGE
|
||||
|
||||
Doesn't look that simple, does it? Let's break it down into small
|
||||
pieces.
|
||||
|
||||
## Upstream routers
|
||||
|
||||
We have a set of **upstream routers** which work stateless. They don't
|
||||
have any stateful firewall rules, so both of them can work actively
|
||||
without state synchronisation. Moreover, both of them peer with the
|
||||
data center upstreams. These are fast routers and besides forwarding,
|
||||
they also do **BGP peering** with our upstreams.
|
||||
|
||||
Over all the upstream routers are very simple machines, mostly running
|
||||
bird and forwarding packets all day. They also provide a DNS service
|
||||
(resolving and authoritative), because they are always up and can
|
||||
announce service IPs via BGP or via OSPF to our network.
|
||||
|
||||
## Internal routers
|
||||
|
||||
The internal routers on the other hand provide **stateful routing**,
|
||||
**IP address assignments** and **netboot services**. They are a bit
|
||||
more complicated compared to the upstream routers, but they care only
|
||||
a small routing table.
|
||||
|
||||
## Communication between the routers
|
||||
|
||||
All routers employ OSPF and BGP for route exchange. Thus the two
|
||||
upstream routers learn about the internal networks (IPv6 only, as
|
||||
usual) from the internal routers.
|
||||
|
||||
## Sessions
|
||||
|
||||
Sessions in networking are almost always an evil. You need to store
|
||||
them (at high speed), you need to maintain them (updating, deleting)
|
||||
and if you run multiple routers, you even need to sychronise them.
|
||||
|
||||
In our case the internal routers do have session handling, as they are
|
||||
providing a stateful firewall. As we are using a multi router setup,
|
||||
things can go really wrong if the wrong routes are being used.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's have a look at this a bit more in detail.
|
||||
|
||||
## The good path
|
||||
|
||||
IMAGE2: good
|
||||
|
||||
If a server sends out a packet via router1 and router1 eventually
|
||||
receives the answer, everything is fine. The returning packet matches
|
||||
the state entry that was created by the outgoing packet and the
|
||||
internal router forwards the packet.
|
||||
|
||||
## The bad path
|
||||
|
||||
IMAGE3: bad
|
||||
|
||||
However if the
|
||||
|
||||
## Routing paths
|
||||
|
||||
If we want to go active-active routing, the server can choose between
|
||||
either internal router for sending out the packet. The internal
|
||||
routers again have two upstream routers. So with the return path
|
||||
included, the following paths exist for a packet:
|
||||
|
||||
Outgoing paths:
|
||||
|
||||
* servers->router1->upstream router1->internet
|
||||
* servers->router1->upstream router2->internet
|
||||
* servers->router2->upstream router1->internet
|
||||
* servers->router2->upstream router2->internet
|
||||
|
||||
And the returning paths are:
|
||||
|
||||
* internet->upstream router1->router 1->servers
|
||||
* internet->upstream router1->router 2->servers
|
||||
* internet->upstream router2->router 1->servers
|
||||
* internet->upstream router2->router 2->servers
|
||||
|
||||
So on average, 50% of the routes will hit the right router on
|
||||
return. However servers as well as upstream routers are not using load
|
||||
balancing like ECMP, so once an incorrect path has been chosen, the
|
||||
packet loss is 100%.
|
||||
|
||||
## Session synchronisation
|
||||
|
||||
In the first article we talked a bit about keepalived and that
|
||||
it helps to operate routers in an active-passive mode. This did not
|
||||
turn out to be the most reliable method. Can we do better with
|
||||
active-active routers and session synchronisation?
|
||||
|
||||
Linux supports this using
|
||||
[conntrackd](http://conntrack-tools.netfilter.org/). However,
|
||||
conntrackd supports active-active routers on a **flow based** level,
|
||||
but not on a **packet** based level. The difference is that the
|
||||
following will not work in active-active routers with conntrackd:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#1 Packet (in the original direction) updates state in Router R1 ->
|
||||
submit state to R2
|
||||
#2 Packet (in the reply direction) arrive to Router R2 before state
|
||||
coming from R1 has been digested.
|
||||
|
||||
With strict stateful filtering, Packet #2 will be dropped and it will
|
||||
trigger a retransmission.
|
||||
```
|
||||
(quote from Pablo Neira Ayuso, see below for more details)
|
||||
|
||||
Some of you will mumble something like **latency** in their head right
|
||||
now. If the return packet is guaranteed to arrive after state
|
||||
synchronisation, then everything is fine, However, if the reply is
|
||||
faster than the state synchronisation, packets will get dropped.
|
||||
|
||||
In reality, this will work for packets coming and going to the
|
||||
Internet. However, in our setup the upstream routers are route between
|
||||
different data center locations, which are in the sub micro second
|
||||
latency area - i.e. lan speed, because they are interconnected with
|
||||
dark fiber links.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Take away
|
||||
|
||||
Before moving on to the next blog article, we would like to express
|
||||
our thanks to Pablo Neira Ayuso, who gave very important input for
|
||||
session based firewalls and session synchronisation.
|
||||
|
||||
So active-active routing seems not to have a straight forward
|
||||
solution. Read in the [next blog
|
||||
article](/u/blog/datacenterlight-redundant-routing-infrastructure) on
|
||||
how we solved the challenge in the end.
|
||||
219
content/u/blog/datacenterlight-ipv6-only-netboot/contents.lr
Normal file
219
content/u/blog/datacenterlight-ipv6-only-netboot/contents.lr
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
|
|||
title: IPv6 only netboot in Data Center Light
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-05-01
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: Nico Schottelius
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: NicoSchottelius
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
How we switched from IPv4 netboot to IPv6 netboot
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
In our [previous blog
|
||||
article](/u/blog/datacenterlight-spring-network-cleanup)
|
||||
we wrote about our motivation for the
|
||||
big spring network cleanup. In this blog article we show how we
|
||||
started reducing the complexity by removing our dependency on IPv4.
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 first
|
||||
|
||||
When you found our blog, you are probably aware: everything at
|
||||
ungleich is IPv6 first. Many of our networks are IPv6 only, all DNS
|
||||
entries for remote access have IPv6 (AAAA) entries and there are only
|
||||
rare exceptions when we utilise IPv4 for our infrastructure.
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv4 only Netboot
|
||||
|
||||
One of the big exceptions to this paradigm used to be how we boot our
|
||||
servers. Because our second big paradigm is sustainability, we use a
|
||||
lot of 2nd (or 3rd) generation hardware. We actually share this
|
||||
passion with our friends from
|
||||
[e-durable](https://recycled.cloud/), because sustainability is
|
||||
something that we need to employ today and not tomorrow.
|
||||
But back to the netbooting topic: For netbooting we mainly
|
||||
relied on onboard network cards so far.
|
||||
|
||||
## Onboard network cards
|
||||
|
||||
We used these network cards for multiple reasons:
|
||||
|
||||
* they exist virtually in any server
|
||||
* they usually have a ROM containing a PXE capable firmware
|
||||
* it allows us to split real traffic to fiber cards and internal traffic
|
||||
|
||||
However using the onboard devices comes also with a couple of disadvantages:
|
||||
|
||||
* Their ROM is often outdated
|
||||
* It requires additional cabling
|
||||
|
||||
## Cables
|
||||
|
||||
Let's have a look at the cabling situation first. Virtually all of
|
||||
our servers are connected to the network using 2x 10 Gbit/s fiber cards.
|
||||
|
||||
On one side this provides a fast connection, but on the other side
|
||||
it provides us with something even better: distances.
|
||||
|
||||
Our data centers employ a non-standard design due to the re-use of
|
||||
existing factory halls. This means distances between servers and
|
||||
switches can be up to 100m. With fiber, we can easily achieve these
|
||||
distances.
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, have less cables provides a simpler infrastructure
|
||||
that is easier to analyse.
|
||||
|
||||
## Disabling onboard network cards
|
||||
|
||||
So can we somehow get rid of the copper cables and switch to fiber
|
||||
only? It turns out that the fiber cards we use (mainly Intel X520's)
|
||||
have their own ROM. So we started disabling the onboard network cards
|
||||
and tried booting from the fiber cards. This worked until we wanted to
|
||||
move the lab setup to production...
|
||||
|
||||
## Bonding (LACP) and VLAN tagging
|
||||
|
||||
Our servers use bonding (802.3ad) for redundant connections to the
|
||||
switches and VLAN tagging on top of the bonded devices to isolate
|
||||
client traffic. On the switch side we realised this using
|
||||
configurations like
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
interface Port-Channel33
|
||||
switchport mode trunk
|
||||
mlag 33
|
||||
|
||||
...
|
||||
interface Ethernet33
|
||||
channel-group 33 mode active
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
But that does not work, if the network ROM at boot does not create an
|
||||
LACP enabled link on top of which it should be doing VLAN tagging.
|
||||
|
||||
The ROM in our network cards **would** have allowed VLAN tagging alone
|
||||
though.
|
||||
|
||||
To fix this problem, we reconfigured our switches as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
interface Port-Channel33
|
||||
switchport trunk native vlan 10
|
||||
switchport mode trunk
|
||||
port-channel lacp fallback static
|
||||
port-channel lacp fallback timeout 20
|
||||
mlag 33
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This basically does two things:
|
||||
|
||||
* If there are no LACP frames, fallback to static (non lacp)
|
||||
configuration
|
||||
* Accept untagged traffic and map it to VLAN 10 (one of our boot networks)
|
||||
|
||||
Great, our servers can now netboot from fiber! But we are not done
|
||||
yet...
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 only netbooting
|
||||
|
||||
So how do we convince these network cards to do IPv6 netboot? Can we
|
||||
actually do that at all? Our first approach was to put a custom build of
|
||||
[ipxe](https://ipxe.org/) on a USB stick. We generated that
|
||||
ipxe image using **rebuild-ipxe.sh** script
|
||||
from the
|
||||
[ungleich-tools](https://code.ungleich.ch/ungleich-public/ungleich-tools)
|
||||
repository. Turns out using a USB stick works pretty well for most
|
||||
situations.
|
||||
|
||||
## ROMs are not ROMs
|
||||
|
||||
As you can imagine, the ROM of the X520 cards does not contain IPv6
|
||||
netboot support. So are we back at square 1? No, we are not. Because
|
||||
the X520's have something that the onboard devices did not
|
||||
consistently have: **a rewritable memory area**.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's take 2 steps back here first: A ROM is an **read only memory**
|
||||
chip. Emphasis on **read only**. However, modern network cards and a
|
||||
lot of devices that support on-device firmware do actually have a
|
||||
memory (flash) area that can be written to. And that is what aids us
|
||||
in our situation.
|
||||
|
||||
## ipxe + flbtool + x520 = fun
|
||||
|
||||
Trying to write ipxe into the X520 cards initially failed, because the
|
||||
network card did not recognise the format of the ipxe rom file.
|
||||
|
||||
Luckily the folks in the ipxe community already spotted that problem
|
||||
AND fixed it: The format used in these cards is called FLB. And there
|
||||
is [flbtool](https://github.com/devicenull/flbtool/), which allows you
|
||||
to wrap the ipxe rom file into the FLB format. For those who want to
|
||||
try it yourself (at your own risk!), it basically involves:
|
||||
|
||||
* Get the current ROM from the card (try bootutil64e)
|
||||
* Extract the contents from the rom using flbtool
|
||||
* This will output some sections/parts
|
||||
* Locate one part that you want to overwrite with iPXE (a previous PXE
|
||||
section is very suitable)
|
||||
* Replace the .bin file with your iPXE rom
|
||||
* Adjust the .json file to match the length of the new binary
|
||||
* Build a new .flb file using flbtool
|
||||
* Flash it onto the card
|
||||
|
||||
While this is a bit of work, it is worth it for us, because...:
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 only netboot over fiber
|
||||
|
||||
With the modified ROM, basically loading iPXE at start, we can now
|
||||
boot our servers in IPv6 only networks. On our infrastructure side, we
|
||||
added two **tiny** things:
|
||||
|
||||
We use ISC dhcp with the following configuration file:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
option dhcp6.bootfile-url code 59 = string;
|
||||
|
||||
option dhcp6.bootfile-url "http://[2a0a:e5c0:0:6::46]/ipxescript";
|
||||
|
||||
subnet6 2a0a:e5c0:0:6::/64 {}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
(that is the complete configuration!)
|
||||
|
||||
And we used radvd to announce that there are other information,
|
||||
indicating clients can actually query the dhcpv6 server:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
interface bond0.10
|
||||
{
|
||||
AdvSendAdvert on;
|
||||
MinRtrAdvInterval 3;
|
||||
MaxRtrAdvInterval 5;
|
||||
AdvDefaultLifetime 600;
|
||||
|
||||
# IPv6 netbooting
|
||||
AdvOtherConfigFlag on;
|
||||
|
||||
prefix 2a0a:e5c0:0:6::/64 { };
|
||||
|
||||
RDNSS 2a0a:e5c0:0:a::a 2a0a:e5c0:0:a::b { AdvRDNSSLifetime 6000; };
|
||||
DNSSL place5.ungleich.ch { AdvDNSSLLifetime 6000; } ;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Take away
|
||||
|
||||
Being able to reduce cables was one big advantage in the beginning.
|
||||
|
||||
Switching to IPv6 only netboot does not seem like a big simplification
|
||||
in the first place, besides being able to remove IPv4 in server
|
||||
networks.
|
||||
|
||||
However as you will see in
|
||||
[the next blog posts](/u/blog/datacenterlight-active-active-routing/),
|
||||
switching to IPv6 only netbooting is actually a key element on
|
||||
reducing complexity in our network.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
|
|||
title: Redundant routing infrastructure at Data Center Light
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-05-01
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: Nico Schottelius
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: NicoSchottelius
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
In case you have missed the previous articles, you can
|
||||
get [an introduction to the Data Center Light spring
|
||||
cleanup](/u/blog/datacenterlight-spring-network-cleanup),
|
||||
see [how we switched to IPv6 only netboot](/u/blog/datacenterlight-ipv6-only-netboot)
|
||||
or read about [the active-active routing
|
||||
problems](/u/blog/datacenterlight-active-active-routing/).
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we will show how we finally solved the routing issue
|
||||
conceptually as well as practically.
|
||||
|
||||
## Active-active or passive-active routing?
|
||||
|
||||
In the [previous blog article](/u/blog/datacenterlight-active-active-routing/)
|
||||
we reasoned that active-active routing, even with session
|
||||
synchronisation does not have a straight forward solution in our
|
||||
case. However in the
|
||||
[first blog article](/u/blog/datacenterlight-spring-network-cleanup)
|
||||
we reasoned that active-passive routers with VRRP and keepalived are
|
||||
not stable enough either
|
||||
|
||||
So which path should we take? Or is there another solution?
|
||||
|
||||
## Active-Active-Passive Routing
|
||||
|
||||
Let us introduce Active-Active-Passive routing. Something that sounds
|
||||
strange in the first place, but is going to make sense in the next
|
||||
minutes.
|
||||
|
||||
We do want multiple active routers, but we do not want to have to
|
||||
deal with session synchronisation, which is not only tricky, but due
|
||||
to its complexity can also be a source of error.
|
||||
|
||||
So what we are looking for is active-active routing without state
|
||||
synchronisation. While this sounds like a contradiction, if we loosen
|
||||
our requirement a little bit, we are able to support multiple active
|
||||
routers without session synchronisation by using **routing
|
||||
priorities**.
|
||||
|
||||
## Active-Active routing with routing priorities
|
||||
|
||||
Let's assume for a moment that all involved hosts (servers, clients,
|
||||
routers, etc.) know about multiple routes for outgoing and incoming
|
||||
traffic. Let's assume also for a moment that **we can prioritise**
|
||||
those routes. Then we can create a deterministic routing path that
|
||||
does not need session synchronisation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Steering outgoing traffic
|
||||
|
||||
Let's have a first look at the outgoing traffic. Can we announce
|
||||
multiple routers in a network, but have the servers and clients
|
||||
**prefer** one of the routers? The answer is yes!
|
||||
If we checkout the manpage of
|
||||
[radvd.conf(5)](https://linux.die.net/man/5/radvd.conf) we find a
|
||||
setting that is named **AdvDefaultPreference**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
AdvDefaultPreference low|medium|high
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Using this attribute, two routers can both actively announce
|
||||
themselves, but clients in the network will prefer the one with the
|
||||
higher preference setting.
|
||||
|
||||
### Replacing radvd with bird
|
||||
|
||||
At this point a short side note: We have been using radvd for some
|
||||
years in the Data Center Light. However recently on our
|
||||
[Alpine Linux based routers](https://alpinelinux.org/), radvd started
|
||||
to crash from time to time:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[717424.727125] device eth1 left promiscuous mode
|
||||
[1303962.899600] radvd[24196]: segfault at 63f42258 ip 00007f6bdd59353b sp 00007ffc63f421b8 error 4 in ld-musl-x86_64.so.1[7f6bdd558000+48000]
|
||||
[1303962.899609] Code: 48 09 c8 4c 85 c8 75 0d 49 83 c4 08 eb d4 39 f0 74 0c 49 ff c4 41 0f b6 04 24 84 c0 75 f0 4c 89 e0 41 5c c3 31 c9 0f b6 04 0f <0f> b6 14 0e 38 d0 75 07 48 ff c1 84 c0 75 ed 29 d0 c3 41 54 49 89
|
||||
...
|
||||
[1458460.511006] device eth0 entered promiscuous mode
|
||||
[1458460.511168] radvd[27905]: segfault at 4dfce818 ip 00007f94ec1fd53b sp 00007ffd4dfce778 error 4 in ld-musl-x86_64.so.1[7f94ec1c2000+48000]
|
||||
[1458460.511177] Code: 48 09 c8 4c 85 c8 75 0d 49 83 c4 08 eb d4 39 f0 74 0c 49 ff c4 41 0f b6 04 24 84 c0 75 f0 4c 89 e0 41 5c c3 31 c9 0f b6 04 0f <0f> b6 14 0e 38 d0 75 07 48 ff c1 84 c0 75 ed 29 d0 c3 41 54 49 89
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately it seems that either the addresses timed out or that
|
||||
radvd was able to send a message de-announcing itself prior to the
|
||||
crash, causing all clients to withdraw their addresses. This is
|
||||
especially problematic, if you run a [ceph](https://ceph.io/) cluster
|
||||
and the servers don't have IP addresses anymore...
|
||||
|
||||
While we did not yet investigate the full cause of this, we had a very
|
||||
easy solution: as all of our routers run
|
||||
[bird](https://bird.network.cz/) and it also supports sending router
|
||||
advertisements, we replaced radvd with bird. The configuration is
|
||||
actually pretty simple:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
protocol radv {
|
||||
# Internal
|
||||
interface "eth1.5" {
|
||||
max ra interval 5; # Fast failover with more routers
|
||||
other config yes; # dhcpv6 boot
|
||||
default preference high;
|
||||
};
|
||||
rdnss {
|
||||
lifetime 3600;
|
||||
ns 2a0a:e5c0:0:a::a;
|
||||
ns 2a0a:e5c0:0:a::b;
|
||||
};
|
||||
dnssl {
|
||||
lifetime 3600;
|
||||
domain "place5.ungleich.ch";
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Steering incoming traffic
|
||||
|
||||
As the internal and the upstream routers are in the same data center,
|
||||
we can use an IGP like OSPF to distribute the routes to the internal
|
||||
routers. And OSPF actually has this very neat metric called **cost**.
|
||||
So for the router that sets the **default preference high** for the
|
||||
outgoing routes, we keep the cost at 10, for the router that
|
||||
ses the **default preference low** we set the cost at 20. The actual
|
||||
bird configuration on a router looks like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
define ospf_cost = 10;
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
protocol ospf v3 ospf6 {
|
||||
instance id 0;
|
||||
|
||||
ipv6 {
|
||||
import all;
|
||||
export none;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
area 0 {
|
||||
interface "eth1.*" {
|
||||
authentication cryptographic;
|
||||
password "weshouldhaveremovedthisfortheblogpost";
|
||||
cost ospf_cost;
|
||||
};
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Incoming + Outgoing = symmetric paths
|
||||
|
||||
With both directions under our control, we now have enabled symmetric
|
||||
routing in both directions. Thus as long as the first router is alive,
|
||||
all traffic will be handled by the first router.
|
||||
|
||||
## Failover scenario
|
||||
|
||||
In case the first router fails, clients have a low life time of 15
|
||||
seconds (3x **max ra interval**)
|
||||
for their routes and they will fail over to the 2nd router
|
||||
automatically. Existing sessions will not continue to work, but that
|
||||
is ok for our setup. When the first router with the higher priority
|
||||
comes back, there will be again an interruption, but clients will
|
||||
automatically change their paths.
|
||||
|
||||
And so will the upstream routers, as OSPF is a quick protocol that
|
||||
updates alive routers and routes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 enables active-active-passive routing architectures
|
||||
|
||||
At ungleich it almost always comes back to the topic of IPv6, albeit
|
||||
for a good reason. You might remember that we claimed in the
|
||||
[IPv6 only netboot](/u/blog/datacenterlight-ipv6-only-netboot) article
|
||||
that this is reducing complexity? If you look at the above example,
|
||||
you might not spot it directly, but going IPv6 only is actually an
|
||||
enabler for our setup:
|
||||
|
||||
We **only deploy router advertisements** using bird. We are **not using DHCPv4**
|
||||
or **IPv4** for accessing our servers. Both routers run a dhcpv6
|
||||
service in parallel, with the "boot server" pointing to themselves.
|
||||
|
||||
Besides being nice and clean,
|
||||
our whole active-active-passive routing setup **would not work with
|
||||
IPv4**, because dhcpv4 servers do not have the same functionality to
|
||||
provide routing priorities.
|
||||
|
||||
## Take away
|
||||
|
||||
You can see that trying to solve one problem ("unreliable redundant
|
||||
router setup") entailed a slew of changes, but in the end made our
|
||||
infrastructure much simpler:
|
||||
|
||||
* No dual stack
|
||||
* No private IPv4 addresses
|
||||
* No actively communicating keepalived
|
||||
* Two daemons less to maintain (keepalived, radvd)
|
||||
|
||||
We also avoided complex state synchronisation and deployed only Open
|
||||
Source Software to address our problems. Furthermore hardware that
|
||||
looked like unusable in modern IPv6 networks can also be upgraded with
|
||||
Open Source Software (ipxe) and enables us to provide more sustainable
|
||||
infrastructures.
|
||||
|
||||
We hope you enjoyed our spring cleanup blog series. The next one will
|
||||
be coming, because IT infrastructures always evolve. Until then:
|
||||
feel free to [join our Open Soure Chat](https://chat.with.ungleich.ch)
|
||||
and join the discussion.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
|
|||
title: Data Center Light: Spring network cleanup
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-05-01
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: Nico Schottelius
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: NicoSchottelius
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
From today on ungleich offers free, encrypted IPv6 VPNs for hackerspaces
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
Spring is the time for cleanup. Cleanup up your apartment, removing
|
||||
dust from the cabinet, letting the light shine through the windows,
|
||||
or like in our case: improving the networking situation.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we give an introduction of where we started and what
|
||||
the typical setup used to be in our data center.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best practice
|
||||
|
||||
When we started [Data Center Light](https://datacenterlight.ch) in
|
||||
2017, we orientated ourselves at "best practice" for networking. We
|
||||
started with IPv6 only networks and used RFC1918 network (10/8) for
|
||||
internal IPv4 routing.
|
||||
|
||||
And we started with 2 routers for every network to provide
|
||||
redundancy.
|
||||
|
||||
## Router redundancy
|
||||
|
||||
So what do you do when you have two routers? In the Linux world the
|
||||
software [keepalived](https://keepalived.org/)
|
||||
is very popular to provide redundant routing
|
||||
using the [VRRP protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Router_Redundancy_Protocol).
|
||||
|
||||
## Active-Passive
|
||||
|
||||
While VRRP is designed to allow multiple (not only two) routers to
|
||||
co-exist in a network, its design is basically active-passive: you
|
||||
have one active router and n passive routers, in our case 1
|
||||
additional.
|
||||
|
||||
## Keepalived: a closer look
|
||||
|
||||
A typical keepalived configuration in our network looked like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
vrrp_instance router_v4 {
|
||||
interface INTERFACE
|
||||
virtual_router_id 2
|
||||
priority PRIORITY
|
||||
advert_int 1
|
||||
virtual_ipaddress {
|
||||
10.0.0.1/22 dev eth1.5 # Internal
|
||||
}
|
||||
notify_backup "/usr/local/bin/vrrp_notify_backup.sh"
|
||||
notify_fault "/usr/local/bin/vrrp_notify_fault.sh"
|
||||
notify_master "/usr/local/bin/vrrp_notify_master.sh"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
vrrp_instance router_v6 {
|
||||
interface INTERFACE
|
||||
virtual_router_id 1
|
||||
priority PRIORITY
|
||||
advert_int 1
|
||||
virtual_ipaddress {
|
||||
2a0a:e5c0:1:8::48/128 dev eth1.8 # Transfer for routing from outside
|
||||
2a0a:e5c0:0:44::7/64 dev bond0.18 # zhaw
|
||||
2a0a:e5c0:2:15::7/64 dev bond0.20 #
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This is a template that we distribute via [cdist](https:/cdi.st). The
|
||||
strings INTERFACE and PRIORITY are replaced via cdist. The interface
|
||||
field defines which interface to use for VRRP communication and the
|
||||
priority field determines which of the routers is the active one.
|
||||
|
||||
So far, so good. However let's have a look at a tiny detail of this
|
||||
configuration file:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
notify_backup "/usr/local/bin/vrrp_notify_backup.sh"
|
||||
notify_fault "/usr/local/bin/vrrp_notify_fault.sh"
|
||||
notify_master "/usr/local/bin/vrrp_notify_master.sh"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
These three lines basically say: "start something if you are the
|
||||
master" and "stop something in case you are not". And why did we do
|
||||
this? Because of stateful services.
|
||||
|
||||
## Stateful services
|
||||
|
||||
A typical shell script that we would call containes lines like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
/etc/init.d/radvd stop
|
||||
/etc/init.d/dhcpd stop
|
||||
```
|
||||
(or start in the case of the master version)
|
||||
|
||||
In earlier days, this even contained openvpn, which was running on our
|
||||
first generation router version. But more about OpenVPN later.
|
||||
|
||||
The reason why we stopped and started dhcp and radvd is to make
|
||||
clients of the network use the active router. We used radvd to provide
|
||||
IPv6 addresses as the primary access method to servers. And we used
|
||||
dhcp mainly to allow servers to netboot. The active router would
|
||||
carry state (firewall!) and thus the flow of packets always need to go
|
||||
through the active router.
|
||||
|
||||
Restarting radvd on a different machine keeps the IPv6 addresses the
|
||||
same, as clients assign then themselves using EUI-64. In case of dhcp
|
||||
(IPv4) we would have used hardcoded IPv4 addresses using a mapping of
|
||||
MAC address to IPv4 address, but we opted out for this. The main
|
||||
reason is that dhcp clients re-request their same leas and even if an
|
||||
IPv4 addresses changes, it is not really of importance.
|
||||
|
||||
During a failover this would lead to a few seconds interrupt and
|
||||
re-establishing sessions. Given that routers are usually rather stable
|
||||
and restarting them is not a daily task, we initially accepted this.
|
||||
|
||||
## Keepalived/VRRP changes
|
||||
|
||||
One of the more tricky things is changes to keepalived. Because
|
||||
keepalived uses the *number of addresses and routes* to verify
|
||||
that the received VRRP packet matches its configuration, adding or
|
||||
deleting IP addresses and routes, causes a problem:
|
||||
|
||||
While one router was updated, the number of IP addresses or routes is
|
||||
different. This causes both routers to ignore the others VRRP messages
|
||||
and both routers think they should be the master process.
|
||||
|
||||
This leads to the problem that both routers receive client and outside
|
||||
traffic. This causes the firewall (nftables) to not recognise
|
||||
returning packets, if they were sent out by router1, but received back
|
||||
by router2 and, because nftables is configured *stateful*, will drop
|
||||
the returning packet.
|
||||
|
||||
However not only changes to the configuration can trigger this
|
||||
problem, but also any communication problem between the two
|
||||
routers. Since 2017 we experienced it multiple times that keepalived
|
||||
was unable to receive or send messages from the other router and thus
|
||||
both of them again became the master process.
|
||||
|
||||
## Take away
|
||||
|
||||
While in theory keepalived should improve the reliability, in practice
|
||||
the number of problems due to double master situations we had, made us
|
||||
question whether the keepalived concept is the fitting one for us.
|
||||
|
||||
You can read how we evolved from this setup in
|
||||
[the next blog article](/u/blog/datacenterlight-ipv6-only-netboot/).
|
||||
199
content/u/blog/glamp-1-2021/contents.lr
Normal file
199
content/u/blog/glamp-1-2021/contents.lr
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
|
|||
title: GLAMP #1 2021
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-07-17
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: yes
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
The first un-hack4glarus happens as a camp - Thursday 2021-08-19 to Sunday 2021-08-22.
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## Glamp 2021 has been CANCELLED
|
||||
|
||||
Due to the rising number of Coronavirus infections, travel
|
||||
restrictions and travel uncertainties,
|
||||
we have decided to CANCEL the GLAMP2021.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Tl;DR
|
||||
|
||||
Get your tent, connect it to power and 10Gbit/s Internet in the midst
|
||||
of the Glarner mountains. Happenening Thursday 2021-08-19 to Sunday 2021-08-22.
|
||||
Apply for participation by mail (information at the bottom of the page).
|
||||
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
It has been some time since our
|
||||
[last Hack4Glarus](https://hack4glarus.ch) and we have been missing
|
||||
all our friends, hackers and participants. At ungleich we have been
|
||||
watching the development of the Coronavirus world wide and as you
|
||||
might know, we have decided against a Hack4Glarus for this summer, as
|
||||
the Hack4Glarus has been an indoor event so far.
|
||||
|
||||
## No Hack4Glarus = GLAMP
|
||||
|
||||
However, we want to try a different format that ensures proper
|
||||
safety. Instead of an indoor Hack4Glarus in Linthal, we introduce
|
||||
the Glarus Camp (or GLAMP in short) to you. An outdoor event with
|
||||
sufficient space for distancing. As a camping site we can use the
|
||||
surrounding of the Hacking Villa, supported by the Hacking Villa
|
||||
facilities.
|
||||
|
||||
Compared to the Hack4Glarus, the GLAMP will focus more on
|
||||
*relaxation*, *hangout* than being a hackathon. We think times are
|
||||
hard enough to give everyone a break.
|
||||
|
||||
## The setting
|
||||
|
||||
Many of you know the [Hacking Villa](/u/projects/hacking-villa/) in
|
||||
Diesbach already. Located just next to the pretty waterfall and the amazing
|
||||
Legler Areal. The villa is connected with 10 Gbit/s to the
|
||||
[Data Center Light](/u/projects/data-center-light/) and offers a lot
|
||||
of fun things to do.
|
||||
|
||||
## Coronavirus measures beforehand
|
||||
|
||||
To ensure safety for everyone, we ask everyone attending to provide a
|
||||
reasonable proof of not spreading the corona virus with one of the
|
||||
following proofs:
|
||||
|
||||
* You have been vaccinated
|
||||
* You had the corona virus and you are symptom free for at least 14
|
||||
days
|
||||
* You have been tested with a PCR test (7 days old at maximum) and the
|
||||
result was negative
|
||||
|
||||
All participants will be required to take an short antigen test on
|
||||
site.
|
||||
|
||||
**Please do not attend if you feel sick for the safety of everyone else.**
|
||||
|
||||
## Coronavirus measures on site
|
||||
|
||||
To keep the space safe on site as well, we ask you to follow these
|
||||
rules:
|
||||
|
||||
* Sleep in your own tent
|
||||
* Wear masks inside the Hacking Villa
|
||||
* Especially if you are preparing food shared with others
|
||||
* Keep distance and respect others safety wishes
|
||||
|
||||
## Hacking Villa Facilities
|
||||
|
||||
* Fast Internet (what do you need more?)
|
||||
* A shared, open area outside for hacking
|
||||
* Toilets and bath room located inside
|
||||
|
||||
## What to bring
|
||||
|
||||
* A tent + sleeping equipment
|
||||
* Fun stuff
|
||||
* Your computer
|
||||
* Wifi / IoT / Hacking things
|
||||
* If you want wired Internet in your tent: a 15m+ Ethernet cable
|
||||
* WiFi will be provided everywhere
|
||||
|
||||
## What is provided
|
||||
|
||||
* Breakfast every morning
|
||||
* A place for a tent
|
||||
* Power to the tent (Swiss plug)
|
||||
* WiFi to the tent
|
||||
* Traditional closing event spaghetti
|
||||
|
||||
## What you can find nearby
|
||||
|
||||
* A nearby supermarket (2km) reachable by foot, scooter, bike
|
||||
* A waterfall + barbecue place (~400m)
|
||||
* Daily attractions such as hacking, hiking, biking, hanging out
|
||||
|
||||
## Registration
|
||||
|
||||
As the space is limited, we can accomodate about 10 tents (roughly 23
|
||||
people). To register, send an email to support@ungleich.ch based on
|
||||
the following template:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Subject: GLAMP#1 2021
|
||||
|
||||
For each person with you (including yourself):
|
||||
|
||||
Non Coronavirus proof:
|
||||
(see requirements on the glamp page)
|
||||
|
||||
Name(s):
|
||||
(how you want to be called)
|
||||
|
||||
Interests:
|
||||
(will be shown to others at the glamp)
|
||||
|
||||
Skills:
|
||||
(will be shown to others at the glamp)
|
||||
|
||||
Food interests:
|
||||
(we use this for pooling food orders)
|
||||
|
||||
What I would like to do:
|
||||
(will be shown to others at the glamp)
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The particaption fee is 70 CHF/person (to be paid on arrival).
|
||||
|
||||
## Time, Date and Location
|
||||
|
||||
* Arrival possible from Wednesday 2021-08-18 16:00
|
||||
* GLAMP#1 starts officially on Thursday 2021-08-19, 1000
|
||||
* GLAMP#1 closing lunch Sunday 2021-08-22, 1200
|
||||
* GLAMP#1 ends officially on to Sunday 2021-08-22, 1400
|
||||
|
||||
Location: [Hacking Villa](/u/projects/hacking-villa/)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## FAQ
|
||||
|
||||
### Where do I get Internet?
|
||||
|
||||
It is available everywhere at/around the Hacking Villa via WiFi. For
|
||||
cable based Internet bring a 15m+ Ethernet cable.
|
||||
|
||||
### Where do I get Electricity?
|
||||
|
||||
You'll get electricity directly to the tent. Additionally the shared
|
||||
area also has electricity. You can also bring solar panels, if you
|
||||
like.
|
||||
|
||||
### Where do I get food?
|
||||
|
||||
Breakfast is provided by us. But what about the rest of the day?
|
||||
There are a lot of delivery services available, ranging from Pizza,
|
||||
Tibetan, Thai, Swiss (yes!), etc. available.
|
||||
|
||||
Nearby are 2 Volg supermarkets, next Coop is in Schwanden, bigger
|
||||
Migros in Glarus and very big Coop can be found in Netstal. The Volg
|
||||
is reachable by foot, all others are reachable by train or bike.
|
||||
|
||||
There is also a kitchen inside the Hacking Villa for cooking.
|
||||
There is also a great barbecue place just next to the waterfall.
|
||||
|
||||
### What can I do at the GLAMP?
|
||||
|
||||
There are
|
||||
[alot](http://hyperboleandahalf.blogspot.com/2010/04/alot-is-better-than-you-at-everything.html)
|
||||
of opportunities at the GLAMP:
|
||||
|
||||
You can ...
|
||||
|
||||
* just relax and hangout
|
||||
* hack on project that you post poned for long
|
||||
* hike up mountains (up to 3612m! Lower is also possible)
|
||||
* meet other hackers
|
||||
* explore the biggest water power plant in Europe (Linth Limmern)
|
||||
* and much much more!
|
||||
BIN
content/u/blog/glamp-1-2021/diesback-bg-small.jpg
Normal file
BIN
content/u/blog/glamp-1-2021/diesback-bg-small.jpg
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 380 KiB |
|
|
@ -41,13 +41,10 @@ But you cannot get a certicate that you need for HTTPS without a name.
|
|||
|
||||
At the last [Hack4Glarus](https://hack4glarus.ch) we were
|
||||
brainstorming and testing solutions on how to solve this problem. How
|
||||
can we give **any** IPv6 address a name? At the Hackathon our
|
||||
participants invited a cool [stateful
|
||||
solution](https://redmine.ungleich.ch/issues/7379)
|
||||
that is now even reachable at [weneedaname](https://weneeda.name/).
|
||||
can we give **any** IPv6 address a name?
|
||||
|
||||
After the hackathon our team was continuing to brainstorm on how to
|
||||
solve this problem, but in a stateless way.
|
||||
solve this problem in a stateless way.
|
||||
|
||||
## Knot to the rescue
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -95,3 +92,10 @@ On popular request, we have added support for **has-aaaa.name**,
|
|||
too. So you can for instance reach
|
||||
*2a0a-e5c0-0000-0002-0400-b3ff-fe39-795c.has-aaaa.name*, which is the
|
||||
IPv6 address of [ungleich.ch](https://ungleich.ch).
|
||||
|
||||
## Update 2021-08-12
|
||||
|
||||
* The stateful project domain as originally developed at the
|
||||
[Hack4Glarus is not in use
|
||||
anymore](https://redmine.ungleich.ch/issues/7379). This does *not*
|
||||
affect the has-a.name or has-aaa.name domains which are run by ungleich.ch.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 167 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
|
|||
title: Configuring bind to only forward DNS to a specific zone
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-07-25
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: yes
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
Want to use BIND for proxying to another server? This is how you do it.
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we'll show you an easy solution to host DNS zones on
|
||||
IPv6 only or private DNS servers. The method we use here is **DNS
|
||||
forwarding** as offered in ISC BIND, but one could also see this as
|
||||
**DNS proxying**.
|
||||
|
||||
## Background
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes you might have a DNS server that is authoritative for DNS
|
||||
data, but is not reachable for all clients. This might be the case for
|
||||
instance, if
|
||||
|
||||
* your DNS server is IPv6 only: it won't be directly reachable from
|
||||
the IPv4 Internet
|
||||
* your DNS server is running in a private network, either IPv4 or IPv6
|
||||
|
||||
In both cases, you need something that is publicly reachable, to
|
||||
enable clients to access the zone, like show in the following picture:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## The problem: Forwarding requires recursive queries
|
||||
|
||||
ISC Bind allows to forward queries to another name server. However to
|
||||
do so, it need to be configured to allow handling recursive querying.
|
||||
However, if we allow recursive querying by any client, we basically
|
||||
create an [Open DNS resolver, which can be quite
|
||||
dangerous](https://www.ncsc.gov.ie/emailsfrom/DDoS/DNS/).
|
||||
|
||||
## The solution
|
||||
|
||||
ISC Bind by default has a root hints file compiled in, which allows it
|
||||
to function as a resolver without any additional configuration
|
||||
files. That is great, but not if you want to prevent it to work as
|
||||
forwarder as described above. But we can easily fix that problem. Now,
|
||||
let's have a look at a real world use case, step-by-step:
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1: Global options
|
||||
|
||||
In the first step, we need to set the global to allow recursion from
|
||||
anyone, as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
options {
|
||||
directory "/var/cache/bind";
|
||||
|
||||
listen-on-v6 { any; };
|
||||
|
||||
allow-recursion { ::/0; 0.0.0.0/0; };
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
However as mentioned above, this would create an open resolver. To
|
||||
prevent this, let's disable the root hints:
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2: Disable root hints
|
||||
|
||||
The root hints are served in the root zone, also know as ".". To
|
||||
disable it, we give bind an empty file to use:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
zone "." {
|
||||
type hint;
|
||||
file "/dev/null";
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Note: in case you do want to allow recursive function for some
|
||||
clients, **you can create multiple DNS views**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3: The actual DNS file
|
||||
|
||||
In our case, we have a lot of IPv6 only kubernetes clusters, which are
|
||||
named `xx.k8s.ooo` and have a world wide rachable CoreDNS server built
|
||||
in. In this case, we want to allow the domain c1.k8s.ooo to be world
|
||||
reachable, so we configure the dual stack server as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
zone "c1.k8s.ooo" {
|
||||
type forward;
|
||||
forward only;
|
||||
forwarders { 2a0a:e5c0:2:f::a; };
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 4: adjusting the zone file
|
||||
|
||||
In case you are running an IPv6 only server, you need to configure the
|
||||
upstream DNS server. In our case this looks as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
; The domain: c1.k8s.ooo
|
||||
c1 NS kube-dns.kube-system.svc.c1
|
||||
|
||||
; The IPv6 only DNS server
|
||||
kube-dns.kube-system.svc.c1 AAAA 2a0a:e5c0:2:f::a
|
||||
|
||||
; The forwarding IPv4 server
|
||||
kube-dns.kube-system.svc.c1 A 194.5.220.43
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## DNS, IPv6, Kubernetes?
|
||||
|
||||
If you are curious to learn more about either of these topics, feel
|
||||
[free to join us on our chat](/u/projects/open-chat/).
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 154 KiB |
210
content/u/blog/ipv6-link-local-support-in-browsers/contents.lr
Normal file
210
content/u/blog/ipv6-link-local-support-in-browsers/contents.lr
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
|
|||
title: Support for IPv6 link local addresses in browsers
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-06-14
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: yes
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
Tracking the progress of browser support for link local addresses
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
Link Local addresses
|
||||
([fe80::/10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-local_address)) are
|
||||
used for addressing devices in your local subnet. They can be
|
||||
automatically generated and using the IPv6 multicast address
|
||||
**ff02::1**, all hosts on the local subnet can easily be located.
|
||||
|
||||
However browsers like Chrome or Firefox do not support **entering link
|
||||
local addresses inside a URL**, which prevents accessing devices
|
||||
locally with a browser, for instance for configuring them.
|
||||
|
||||
Link local addresses need **zone identifiers** to specify which
|
||||
network device to use as an outgoing interface. This is because
|
||||
**you have link local addresses on every interface** and your network
|
||||
stack does not know on its own, which interface to use. So typically a
|
||||
link local address is something on the line of
|
||||
**fe80::fae4:e3ff:fee2:37a4%eth0**, where **eth0** is the zone
|
||||
identifier.
|
||||
|
||||
Them problem is becoming more emphasised, as the world is moving more
|
||||
and more towards **IPv6 only networks**.
|
||||
|
||||
You might not even know the address of your network equipment anymore,
|
||||
but you can easily locate iit using the **ff02::1 multicast
|
||||
address**. So we need support in browsers, to allow network
|
||||
configurations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Status of implementation
|
||||
|
||||
The main purpose of this document is to track the status of the
|
||||
link-local address support in the different browsers and related
|
||||
standards. The current status is:
|
||||
|
||||
* Firefox says whatwg did not define it
|
||||
* Whatwg says zone id is intentionally omitted and and reference w3.org
|
||||
* w3.org has a longer reasoning, but it basically boils down to
|
||||
"Firefox and chrome don't do it and it's complicated and nobody needs it"
|
||||
* Chromium says it seems not to be worth the effort
|
||||
|
||||
Given that chain of events, if either Firefox, Chrome, W3.org or
|
||||
Whatwg where to add support for it, it seems likely that the others
|
||||
would be following.
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 link local address support in Firefox
|
||||
|
||||
The progress of IPv6 link local addresses for Firefox is tracked
|
||||
on [the mozilla
|
||||
bugzilla](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=700999). The
|
||||
current situation is that Firefox references to the lack of
|
||||
standardisation by whatwg as a reason for not implementing it. Quoting
|
||||
Valentin Gosu from the Mozilla team:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
The main reason the zone identifier is not supported in Firefox is
|
||||
that parsing URLs is hard. You'd think we can just pass whatever
|
||||
string to the system API and it will work or fail depending on whether
|
||||
it's valid or not, but that's not the case. In bug 1199430 for example
|
||||
it was apparent that we need to make sure that the hostname string is
|
||||
really valid before passing it to the OS.
|
||||
|
||||
I have no reason to oppose zone identifiers in URLs as long as the URL
|
||||
spec defines how to parse them. As such, I encourage you to engage
|
||||
with the standard at https://github.com/whatwg/url/issues/392 instead
|
||||
of here.
|
||||
|
||||
Thank you!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 link local address support in whatwg
|
||||
|
||||
The situation at [whatwg](https://whatwg.org/) is that there is a
|
||||
[closed bug report on github](https://github.com/whatwg/url/issues/392)
|
||||
and [in the spec it says](https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-ipv6)
|
||||
that
|
||||
|
||||
Support for <zone_id> is intentionally omitted.
|
||||
|
||||
That paragraph links to a bug registered at w3.org (see next chapter).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 link local address support at w3.org
|
||||
|
||||
At [w3.org](https://www.w3.org/) there is a
|
||||
bug titled
|
||||
[Support IPv6 link-local
|
||||
addresses?](https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/show_bug.cgi?id=27234#c2)
|
||||
that is set to status **RESOLVED WONTFIX**. It is closed basically
|
||||
based on the following statement from Ryan Sleevi:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Yes, we're especially not keen to support these in Chrome and have
|
||||
repeatedly decided not to. The platform-specific nature of <zone_id>
|
||||
makes it difficult to impossible to validate the well-formedness of
|
||||
the URL (see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4007#section-11.2 , as
|
||||
referenced in 6874, to fully appreciate this special hell). Even if we
|
||||
could reliably parse these (from a URL spec standpoint), it then has
|
||||
to be handed 'somewhere', and that opens a new can of worms.
|
||||
|
||||
Even 6874 notes how unlikely it is to encounter these in practice -
|
||||
"Thus, URIs including a
|
||||
ZoneID are unlikely to be encountered in HTML documents. However, if
|
||||
they do (for example, in a diagnostic script coded in HTML), it would
|
||||
be appropriate to treat them exactly as above."
|
||||
|
||||
Note that a 'dumb' parser may not be sufficient, as the Security Considerations of 6874 note:
|
||||
"To limit this risk, implementations MUST NOT allow use of this format
|
||||
except for well-defined usages, such as sending to link-local
|
||||
addresses under prefix fe80::/10. At the time of writing, this is
|
||||
the only well-defined usage known."
|
||||
|
||||
And also
|
||||
"An HTTP client, proxy, or other intermediary MUST remove any ZoneID
|
||||
attached to an outgoing URI, as it has only local significance at the
|
||||
sending host."
|
||||
|
||||
This requires a transformative rewrite of any URLs going out the
|
||||
wire. That's pretty substantial. Anne, do you recall the bug talking
|
||||
about IP canonicalization (e.g. http://127.0.0.1 vs
|
||||
http://[::127.0.0.1] vs http://012345 and friends?) This is
|
||||
conceptually a similar issue - except it's explicitly required in the
|
||||
context of <zone_id> that the <zone_id> not be emitted.
|
||||
|
||||
There's also the issue that zone_id precludes/requires the use of APIs
|
||||
that user agents would otherwise prefer to avoid, in order to
|
||||
'properly' handle the zone_id interpretation. For example, Chromium on
|
||||
some platforms uses a built in DNS resolver, and so our address lookup
|
||||
functions would need to define and support <zone_id>'s and map them to
|
||||
system concepts. In doing so, you could end up with weird situations
|
||||
where a URL works in Firefox but not Chrome, even though both
|
||||
'hypothetically' supported <zone_id>'s, because FF may use an OS
|
||||
routine and Chrome may use a built-in routine and they diverge.
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, our internal consensus is that <zone_id>'s are bonkers on
|
||||
many grounds - the technical ambiguity (and RFC 6874 doesn't really
|
||||
resolve the ambiguity as much as it fully owns it and just says
|
||||
#YOLOSWAG) - and supporting them would add a lot of complexity for
|
||||
what is explicitly and admittedly a limited value use case.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This bug references the Mozilla Firefox bug above and
|
||||
[RFC3986 (replaced by RFC
|
||||
6874)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6874#section-2).
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 link local address support in Chrome / Chromium
|
||||
|
||||
On the chrome side there is a
|
||||
[huge bug
|
||||
report](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=70762)
|
||||
which again references a huge number of other bugs that try to request
|
||||
IPv6 link local support, too.
|
||||
|
||||
The bug was closed by cbentzel@chromium.org stating:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
There are a large number of special cases which are required on core
|
||||
networking/navigation/etc. and it does not seem like it is worth the
|
||||
up-front and ongoing maintenance costs given that this is a very
|
||||
niche - albeit legitimate - need.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The bug at chromium has been made un-editable so it is basically
|
||||
frozen, besides people have added suggestions to the ticket on how to
|
||||
solve it.
|
||||
|
||||
## Work Arounds
|
||||
|
||||
### IPv6 link local connect hack
|
||||
|
||||
Peter has [documented on the IPv6 link local connect
|
||||
hack](https://website.peterjin.org/wiki/Snippets:IPv6_link_local_connect_hack)
|
||||
to make firefox use **fe90:0:[scope id]:[IP address]** to reach
|
||||
**fe80::[IP address]%[scope id]**. Checkout his website for details!
|
||||
|
||||
### IPv6 hack using ip6tables
|
||||
|
||||
Also from Peter is the hint that you can also use newer iptable
|
||||
versions to achieve a similar mapping:
|
||||
|
||||
"On modern Linux kernels you can also run
|
||||
|
||||
```ip6tables -t nat -A OUTPUT -d fef0::/64 -j NETMAP --to fe80::/64```
|
||||
|
||||
if you have exactly one outbound interface, so that fef0::1 translates
|
||||
to fe80::1"
|
||||
|
||||
Thanks again for the pointer!
|
||||
|
||||
## Other resources
|
||||
|
||||
If you are aware of other resources regarding IPv6 link local support
|
||||
in browsers, please join the [IPv6.chat](https://IPv6.chat) and let us
|
||||
know about it.
|
||||
144
content/u/blog/kubernetes-dns-entries-nat64/contents.lr
Normal file
144
content/u/blog/kubernetes-dns-entries-nat64/contents.lr
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
|
|||
title: Automatic A and AAAA DNS entries with NAT64 for kubernetes?
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-06-24
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: yes
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
Given a kubernetes cluster and NAT64 - how do you create DNS entries?
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## The DNS kubernetes quiz
|
||||
|
||||
Today our blog entry does not (yet) show a solution, but more a tricky
|
||||
quiz on creating DNS entries. The problem to solve is the following:
|
||||
|
||||
* How to make every IPv6 only service in kubernetes also IPv4
|
||||
reachable?
|
||||
|
||||
Let's see who can solve it first or the prettiest. Below are some
|
||||
thoughts on how to approach this problem.
|
||||
|
||||
## The situation
|
||||
|
||||
Assume your kubernetes cluster is IPv6 only and all services
|
||||
have proper AAAA DNS entries. This allows you
|
||||
[to directly receive traffic from the
|
||||
Internet](/u/blog/kubernetes-without-ingress/) to
|
||||
your kubernetes services.
|
||||
|
||||
Now to make that service also IPv4 reachable, we can deploy NAT64
|
||||
service that maps an IPv4 address outside the cluster to an IPv6 service
|
||||
address inside the cluster:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
A.B.C.D --> 2001:db8::1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
So all traffic to that IPv4 address is converted to IPv6 by the
|
||||
external NAT64 translator.
|
||||
|
||||
## The proxy service
|
||||
|
||||
Let's say the service running on 2001:db8::1 is named "ipv4-proxy" and
|
||||
thus reachable at ipv4-proxy.default.svc.example.com.
|
||||
|
||||
What we want to achieve is to expose every possible service
|
||||
inside the cluster **also via IPv4**. For this purpose we have created
|
||||
an haproxy container that access *.svc.example.com and forwards it via
|
||||
IPv6.
|
||||
|
||||
So the actual flow would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
IPv4 client --[ipv4]--> NAT64 -[ipv6]-> proxy service
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
|
||||
v
|
||||
IPv6 client ---------------------> kubernetes service
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## The DNS dilemma
|
||||
|
||||
It would be very tempting to create a wildcard DNS entry or to
|
||||
configure/patch CoreDNS to also include an A entry for every service
|
||||
that is:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
*.svc IN A A.B.C.D
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
So essentially all services resolve to the IPv4 address A.B.C.D. That
|
||||
however would also influence the kubernetes cluster, as pods
|
||||
potentially resolve A entries (not only AAAA) as well.
|
||||
|
||||
As the containers / pods do not have any IPv4 address (nor IPv4
|
||||
routing), access to IPv4 is not possible. There are various outcomes
|
||||
of this situation:
|
||||
|
||||
1. The software in the container does happy eyeballs and tries both
|
||||
A/AAAA and uses the working IPv6 connection.
|
||||
|
||||
2. The software in the container misbehaves and takes the first record
|
||||
and uses IPv4 (nodejs is known to have or had a broken resolver
|
||||
that did exactly that).
|
||||
|
||||
So adding that wildcard might not be the smartest option. And
|
||||
additionally it is unclear whether coreDNS would support that.
|
||||
|
||||
## Alternative automatic DNS entries
|
||||
|
||||
The *.svc names in a kubernetes cluster are special in the sense that
|
||||
they are used for connecting internally. What if coreDNS (or any other
|
||||
DNS) server would instead of using *.svc, use a second subdomain like
|
||||
*abc*.*namespace*.v4andv6.example.com and generate the same AAAA
|
||||
record as for the service and a static A record like describe above?
|
||||
|
||||
That could solve the problem. But again, does coreDNS support that?
|
||||
|
||||
## Automated DNS entries in other zones
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of fully automated creating the entries as above, another
|
||||
option would be to specify DNS entries via annotations in a totally
|
||||
different zone, if coreDNS was supporting this. So let's say we also
|
||||
have control over example.org and we could instruct coreDNS to create
|
||||
the following entries automatically with an annotation:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
abc.something.example.org AAAA <same as the service IP>
|
||||
abc.something.example.org A <a static IPv4 address A.B.C.D>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In theory this might be solved via some scripting, maybe via a DNS
|
||||
server like powerDNS?
|
||||
|
||||
## Alternative solution with BIND
|
||||
|
||||
The bind DNS server, which is not usually deployed in a kubernetes
|
||||
cluster, supports **views**. Views enable different replies to the
|
||||
same query depending on the source IP address. Thus in theory
|
||||
something like that could be done, assuming a secondary zone
|
||||
*example.org*:
|
||||
|
||||
* If the request comes from the kubernetes cluster, return a CNAME
|
||||
back to example.com.
|
||||
* If the request comes from outside the kubernetes cluster, return an
|
||||
A entry with the static IP
|
||||
* Unsolved: how to match on the AAAA entries (because we don't CNAME
|
||||
with the added A entry)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Other solution?
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, mixing the dynamic IP generation and coupling it with
|
||||
static DNS entries for IPv4 resolution is not the easiest tasks. If
|
||||
you have a smart idea on how to solve this without manually creating
|
||||
entries for each and every service,
|
||||
[give us a shout!](/u/contact)
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
|
|||
title: Making kubernetes kube-dns publicly reachable
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-06-13
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: yes
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
Looking into IPv6 only DNS provided by kubernetes
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
If you have seen our
|
||||
[article about running kubernetes
|
||||
Ingress-less](/u/blog/kubernetes-without-ingress/), you are aware that
|
||||
we are pushing IPv6 only kubernetes clusters at ungleich.
|
||||
|
||||
Today, we are looking at making the "internal" kube-dns service world
|
||||
reachable using IPv6 and global DNS servers.
|
||||
|
||||
## The kubernetes DNS service
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a look at your typical k8s cluster, you will notice that
|
||||
you usually have two coredns pods running:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
% kubectl -n kube-system get pods -l k8s-app=kube-dns
|
||||
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
|
||||
coredns-558bd4d5db-gz5c7 1/1 Running 0 6d
|
||||
coredns-558bd4d5db-hrzhz 1/1 Running 0 6d
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
These pods are usually served by the **kube-dns** service:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
% kubectl -n kube-system get svc -l k8s-app=kube-dns
|
||||
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
|
||||
kube-dns ClusterIP 2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::a <none> 53/UDP,53/TCP,9153/TCP 6d1h
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the kube-dns service is running on a publicly
|
||||
reachable IPv6 address.
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 only DNS
|
||||
|
||||
IPv6 only DNS servers have one drawback: they cannot be reached via DNS
|
||||
recursions, if the resolver is IPv4 only.
|
||||
|
||||
At [ungleich we run a variety of
|
||||
services](https://redmine.ungleich.ch/projects/open-infrastructure/wiki)
|
||||
to make IPv6 only services usable in the real world. In case of DNS,
|
||||
we are using **DNS forwarders**. They are acting similar to HTTP
|
||||
proxies, but for DNS.
|
||||
|
||||
So in our main DNS servers, dns1.ungleich.ch, dns2.ungleich.ch
|
||||
and dns3.ungleich.ch we have added the following configuration:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
zone "k8s.place7.ungleich.ch" {
|
||||
type forward;
|
||||
forward only;
|
||||
forwarders { 2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::a; };
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This tells the DNS servers to forward DNS queries that come in for
|
||||
k8s.place7.ungleich.ch to **2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::a**.
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally we have added **DNS delegation** in the
|
||||
place7.ungleich.ch zone:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
k8s NS dns1.ungleich.ch.
|
||||
k8s NS dns2.ungleich.ch.
|
||||
k8s NS dns3.ungleich.ch.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Using the kubernetes DNS service in the wild
|
||||
|
||||
With this configuration, we can now access IPv6 only
|
||||
kubernetes services directly from the Internet. Let's first discover
|
||||
the kube-dns service itself:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
% dig kube-dns.kube-system.svc.k8s.place7.ungleich.ch. aaaa
|
||||
|
||||
; <<>> DiG 9.16.16 <<>> kube-dns.kube-system.svc.k8s.place7.ungleich.ch. aaaa
|
||||
;; global options: +cmd
|
||||
;; Got answer:
|
||||
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 23274
|
||||
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1
|
||||
|
||||
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
|
||||
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
|
||||
; COOKIE: f61925944f5218c9ac21e43960c64f254792e60f2b10f3f5 (good)
|
||||
;; QUESTION SECTION:
|
||||
;kube-dns.kube-system.svc.k8s.place7.ungleich.ch. IN AAAA
|
||||
|
||||
;; ANSWER SECTION:
|
||||
kube-dns.kube-system.svc.k8s.place7.ungleich.ch. 27 IN AAAA 2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::a
|
||||
|
||||
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
|
||||
k8s.place7.ungleich.ch. 13 IN NS kube-dns.kube-system.svc.k8s.place7.ungleich.ch.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the **kube-dns** service in the **kube-system**
|
||||
namespace resolves to 2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::a, which is exactly what we
|
||||
have configured.
|
||||
|
||||
At the moment, there is also an etherpad test service
|
||||
named "ungleich-etherpad" running:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
% kubectl get svc -l app=ungleichetherpad
|
||||
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
|
||||
ungleich-etherpad ClusterIP 2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::b7db <none> 9001/TCP 3d19h
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Let's first verify that it resolves:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
% dig +short ungleich-etherpad.default.svc.k8s.place7.ungleich.ch aaaa
|
||||
2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::b7db
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And if that works, well, then we should also be able to access the
|
||||
service itself!
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
% curl -I http://ungleich-etherpad.default.svc.k8s.place7.ungleich.ch:9001/
|
||||
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
X-Powered-By: Express
|
||||
X-UA-Compatible: IE=Edge,chrome=1
|
||||
Referrer-Policy: same-origin
|
||||
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
|
||||
Content-Length: 6039
|
||||
ETag: W/"1797-Dq3+mr7XP0PQshikMNRpm5RSkGA"
|
||||
Set-Cookie: express_sid=s%3AZGKdDe3FN1v5UPcS-7rsZW7CeloPrQ7p.VaL1V0M4780TBm8bT9hPVQMWPX5Lcte%2BzotO9Lsejlk; Path=/; HttpOnly; SameSite=Lax
|
||||
Date: Sun, 13 Jun 2021 18:36:23 GMT
|
||||
Connection: keep-alive
|
||||
Keep-Alive: timeout=5
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
(attention, this is a test service and might not be running when you
|
||||
read this article at a later time)
|
||||
|
||||
## IPv6 vs. IPv4
|
||||
|
||||
Could we have achived the same with IPv4? The answere here is "maybe":
|
||||
If the kubernetes service is reachable from globally reachable
|
||||
nameservers via IPv4, then the answer is yes. This could be done via
|
||||
public IPv4 addresses in the kubernetes cluster, via tunnels, VPNs,
|
||||
etc.
|
||||
|
||||
However, generally speaking, the DNS service of a
|
||||
kubernetes cluster running on RFC1918 IP addresses, is probably not
|
||||
reachable from globally reachable DNS servers by default.
|
||||
|
||||
For IPv6 the case is a bit different: we are using globally reachable
|
||||
IPv6 addresses in our k8s clusters, so they can potentially be
|
||||
reachable without the need of any tunnel or whatsoever. Firewalling
|
||||
and network policies can obviously prevent access, but if the IP
|
||||
addresses are properly routed, they will be accessible from the public
|
||||
Internet.
|
||||
|
||||
And this makes things much easier for DNS servers, which are also
|
||||
having IPv6 connectivity.
|
||||
|
||||
The following pictures shows the practical difference between the two
|
||||
approaches:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Does this make sense?
|
||||
|
||||
That clearly depends on your use-case. If you want your service DNS
|
||||
records to be publicly accessible, then the clear answer is yes.
|
||||
|
||||
If your cluster services are intended to be internal only
|
||||
(see [previous blog post](/u/blog/kubernetes-without-ingress/), then
|
||||
exposing the DNS service to the world might not be the best option.
|
||||
|
||||
## Note on security
|
||||
|
||||
CoreDNS inside kubernetes is by default configured to allow resolving
|
||||
for *any* client that can reach it. Thus if you make your kube-dns
|
||||
service world reachable, you also turn it into an open resolver.
|
||||
|
||||
At the time of writing this blog article, the following coredns
|
||||
configuration **does NOT** correctly block requests:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Corefile: |
|
||||
.:53 {
|
||||
acl k8s.place7.ungleich.ch {
|
||||
allow net ::/0
|
||||
}
|
||||
acl . {
|
||||
allow net 2a0a:e5c0:13::/48
|
||||
block
|
||||
}
|
||||
forward . /etc/resolv.conf {
|
||||
max_concurrent 1000
|
||||
}
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Until this is solved, we recommend to place a firewall before your
|
||||
public kube-dns service to only allow requests from the forwarding DNS
|
||||
servers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## More of this
|
||||
|
||||
We are discussing
|
||||
kubernetes and IPv6 related topics in
|
||||
**the #hacking:ungleich.ch Matrix channel**
|
||||
([you can signup here if you don't have an
|
||||
account](https://chat.with.ungleich.ch)) and will post more about our
|
||||
k8s journey in this blog. Stay tuned!
|
||||
122
content/u/blog/kubernetes-network-planning-with-ipv6/contents.lr
Normal file
122
content/u/blog/kubernetes-network-planning-with-ipv6/contents.lr
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
|||
title: Kubernetes Network planning with IPv6
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-06-26
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
Learn which networks are good to use with kubernetes
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
While IPv6 has a huge address space, you will need to specify a
|
||||
**podCidr** (the network for the pods) and a **serviceCidr** (the
|
||||
network for the services) for kubernetes. In this blog article we show
|
||||
our findings and give a recommendation on what are the "most sensible"
|
||||
networks to use for kubernetes.
|
||||
|
||||
## TL;DR
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Kubernetes limitations
|
||||
|
||||
In a typical IPv6 network, you would "just assign a /64" to anything
|
||||
that needs to be a network. It is a bit the IPv6-no-brainer way of
|
||||
handling networking.
|
||||
|
||||
However, kubernetes has a limitation:
|
||||
[the serviceCidr cannot be bigger than a /108 at the
|
||||
moment](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/90115).
|
||||
This is something very atypical for the IPv6 world, but nothing we
|
||||
cannot handle. There are various pull requests and issues to fix this
|
||||
behaviour on github, some of them listed below:
|
||||
|
||||
* https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/pull/1534
|
||||
* https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/79993
|
||||
* https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/90115 (this one is
|
||||
quite interesting to read)
|
||||
|
||||
That said, it is possible to use a /64 for the **podCidr**.
|
||||
|
||||
## The "correct way" without the /108 limitation
|
||||
|
||||
If kubernetes did not have this limitation, our recommendation would
|
||||
be to use one /64 for the podCidr and one /64 for the serviceCidr. If
|
||||
in the future the limitations of kubernetes have been lifted, skip
|
||||
reading this article and just use two /64's.
|
||||
|
||||
Do not be tempted to suggest making /108's the default, even if they
|
||||
"have enough space", because using /64's allows you to stay in much
|
||||
easier network plans.
|
||||
|
||||
## Sanity checking the /108
|
||||
|
||||
To be able to plan kubernetes clusters, it is important to know where
|
||||
they should live, especially if you plan having a lot of kubernetes
|
||||
clusters. Let's have a short look at the /108 network limitation:
|
||||
|
||||
A /108 allows 20 bit to be used for generating addresses, or a total
|
||||
of 1048576 hosts. This is probably enough for the number of services
|
||||
in a cluster. Now, can we be consistent and also use a /108 for the
|
||||
podCidr? Let's assume for the moment that we do exactly that, so we
|
||||
run a maximum of 1048576 pods at the same time. Assuming each service
|
||||
consumes on average 4 pods, this would allow one to run 262144
|
||||
services.
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming each pod uses around 0.1 CPUs and 100Mi RAM, if all pods were
|
||||
to run at the same time, you would need ca. 100'000 CPUs and 100 TB
|
||||
RAM. Assuming further that each node contains at maximum 128 CPUs and
|
||||
at maximum 1 TB RAM (quite powerful servers), we would need more than
|
||||
750 servers just for the CPUs.
|
||||
|
||||
So we can reason that **we can** run kubernetes clusters of quite some
|
||||
size even with a **podCidr of /108**.
|
||||
|
||||
## Organising /108's
|
||||
|
||||
Let's assume that we organise all our kubernetes clusters in a single
|
||||
/64, like 2001:db8:1:2::/64, which looks like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
% sipcalc 2001:db8:1:2::/64
|
||||
-[ipv6 : 2001:db8:1:2::/64] - 0
|
||||
|
||||
[IPV6 INFO]
|
||||
Expanded Address - 2001:0db8:0001:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000
|
||||
Compressed address - 2001:db8:1:2::
|
||||
Subnet prefix (masked) - 2001:db8:1:2:0:0:0:0/64
|
||||
Address ID (masked) - 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0/64
|
||||
Prefix address - ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0:0:0:0
|
||||
Prefix length - 64
|
||||
Address type - Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses
|
||||
Network range - 2001:0db8:0001:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000 -
|
||||
2001:0db8:0001:0002:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
A /108 network on the other hand looks like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
% sipcalc 2001:db8:1:2::/108
|
||||
-[ipv6 : 2001:db8:1:2::/108] - 0
|
||||
|
||||
[IPV6 INFO]
|
||||
Expanded Address - 2001:0db8:0001:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000
|
||||
Compressed address - 2001:db8:1:2::
|
||||
Subnet prefix (masked) - 2001:db8:1:2:0:0:0:0/108
|
||||
Address ID (masked) - 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0/108
|
||||
Prefix address - ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0
|
||||
Prefix length - 108
|
||||
Address type - Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses
|
||||
Network range - 2001:0db8:0001:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000 -
|
||||
2001:0db8:0001:0002:0000:0000:000f:ffff
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming for a moment that we assign a /108, this looks as follows:
|
||||
70
content/u/blog/kubernetes-production-cluster-1/contents.lr
Normal file
70
content/u/blog/kubernetes-production-cluster-1/contents.lr
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
|||
title: ungleich production cluster #1
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-07-05
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
In this blog article we describe our way to our first production
|
||||
kubernetes cluster.
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
This article is WIP to describe all steps required for our first
|
||||
production kubernetes cluster and the services that we run in it.
|
||||
|
||||
## Setup
|
||||
|
||||
### Bootstrapping
|
||||
|
||||
* All nodes are running [Alpine Linux](https://alpinelinux.org)
|
||||
* All nodes are configured using [cdist](https://cdi.st)
|
||||
* Mainly installing kubeadm, kubectl, crio *and* docker
|
||||
* At the moment we try to use crio
|
||||
* The cluster is initalised using **kubeadm init --config
|
||||
k8s/c2/kubeadm.yaml** from the [ungleich-k8s repo](https://code.ungleich.ch/ungleich-public/ungleich-k8s)
|
||||
|
||||
### CNI/Networking
|
||||
|
||||
* Calico is installed using **kubectl apply -f
|
||||
cni-calico/calico.yaml** from the [ungleich-k8s
|
||||
repo](https://code.ungleich.ch/ungleich-public/ungleich-k8s)
|
||||
* Installing calicoctl using **kubectl apply -f
|
||||
https://docs.projectcalico.org/manifests/calicoctl.yaml**
|
||||
* Aliasing calicoctl: **alias calicoctl="kubectl exec -i -n kube-system calicoctl -- /calicoctl"**
|
||||
* All nodes BGP peer with our infrastructure using **calicoctl create -f - < cni-calico/bgp-c2.yaml**
|
||||
|
||||
### Persistent Volume Claim support
|
||||
|
||||
* Provided by rook
|
||||
* Using customized manifests to support IPv6 from ungleich-k8s
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
for yaml in crds common operator cluster storageclass-cephfs storageclass-rbd toolbox; do
|
||||
kubectl apply -f ${yaml}.yaml
|
||||
done
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Flux
|
||||
|
||||
Starting with the 2nd cluster?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Follow up
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interesting in continuing the discussion,
|
||||
we are there for you in
|
||||
**the #kubernetes:ungleich.ch Matrix channel**
|
||||
[you can signup here if you don't have an
|
||||
account](https://chat.with.ungleich.ch).
|
||||
|
||||
Or if you are interested in an IPv6 only kubernetes cluster,
|
||||
drop a mail to **support**-at-**ungleich.ch**.
|
||||
201
content/u/blog/kubernetes-without-ingress/contents.lr
Normal file
201
content/u/blog/kubernetes-without-ingress/contents.lr
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
|
|||
title: Building Ingress-less Kubernetes Clusters
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-06-09
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: yes
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
On [our journey to build and define IPv6 only kubernetes
|
||||
clusters](https://www.nico.schottelius.org/blog/k8s-ipv6-only-cluster/)
|
||||
we came accross some principles that seem awkward in the IPv6 only
|
||||
world. Let us today have a look at the *LoadBalancer* and *Ingress*
|
||||
concepts.
|
||||
|
||||
## Ingress
|
||||
|
||||
Let's have a look at the [Ingress
|
||||
definition](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/)
|
||||
definiton from the kubernetes website:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Ingress exposes HTTP and HTTPS routes from outside the cluster to
|
||||
services within the cluster. Traffic routing is controlled by rules
|
||||
defined on the Ingress resource.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
So the ingress basically routes from outside to inside. But, in the
|
||||
IPv6 world, services are already publicly reachable. It just
|
||||
depends on your network policy.
|
||||
|
||||
### Update 2021-06-13: Ingress vs. Service
|
||||
|
||||
As some people pointed out (thanks a lot!), a public service is
|
||||
**not the same** as an Ingress. Ingress has also the possibility to
|
||||
route based on layer 7 information like the path, domain name, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
However, if all of the traffic from an Ingress points to a single
|
||||
IPv6 HTTP/HTTPS Service, effectively the IPv6 service will do the
|
||||
same, with one hop less.
|
||||
|
||||
## Services
|
||||
|
||||
Let's have a look at how services in IPv6 only clusters look like:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
% kubectl get svc
|
||||
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
|
||||
etherpad ClusterIP 2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::a94b <none> 9001/TCP 19h
|
||||
nginx-service ClusterIP 2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::3607 <none> 80/TCP 43h
|
||||
postgres ClusterIP 2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::c9e0 <none> 5432/TCP 19h
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
All these services are world reachable, depending on your network
|
||||
policy.
|
||||
|
||||
## ServiceTypes
|
||||
|
||||
While we are at looking at the k8s primitives, let's have a closer
|
||||
look at the **Service**, specifically at 3 of the **ServiceTypes**
|
||||
supported by k8s, including it's definition:
|
||||
|
||||
### ClusterIP
|
||||
|
||||
The k8s website says
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Exposes the Service on a cluster-internal IP. Choosing this value
|
||||
makes the Service only reachable from within the cluster. This is the
|
||||
default ServiceType.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
So in the context of IPv6, this sounds wrong. There is nothing that
|
||||
makes an global IPv6 address be "internal", besides possible network
|
||||
policies. The concept is probably coming from the strict difference of
|
||||
RFC1918 space usually used in k8s clusters and not public IPv4.
|
||||
|
||||
This difference does not make a lot of sense in the IPv6 world though.
|
||||
Seeing **services as public by default**, makes much more sense.
|
||||
And simplifies your clusters a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
### NodePort
|
||||
|
||||
Let's first have a look at the definition again:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Exposes the Service on each Node's IP at a static port (the
|
||||
NodePort). A ClusterIP Service, to which the NodePort Service routes,
|
||||
is automatically created. You'll be able to contact the NodePort
|
||||
Service, from outside the cluster, by requesting <NodeIP>:<NodePort>.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Conceptually this can be similarily utilised in the IPv6 only world
|
||||
like it does in the IPv4 world. However given that there are enough
|
||||
addresses available with IPv6, this might not be such an interesting
|
||||
ServiceType anymore.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### LoadBalancer
|
||||
|
||||
Before we have a look at this type, let's take some steps back
|
||||
first to ...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## ... Load Balancing
|
||||
|
||||
There are a variety of possibilities to do load balancing. From simple
|
||||
round robin, to ECMP based load balancing, to application aware,
|
||||
potentially weighted load balancing.
|
||||
|
||||
So for load balancing, there is usually more than one solution and
|
||||
there is likely not one size fits all.
|
||||
|
||||
So with this said, let.s have a look at the
|
||||
**ServiceType LoadBalancer** definition:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Exposes the Service externally using a cloud provider's load
|
||||
balancer. NodePort and ClusterIP Services, to which the external load
|
||||
balancer routes, are automatically created.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
So whatever the cloud provider offers, can be used, and that is a good
|
||||
thing. However, let's have a look at how you get load balancing for
|
||||
free in IPv6 only clusters:
|
||||
|
||||
## Load Balancing in IPv6 only clusters
|
||||
|
||||
So what is the most easy way of reliable load balancing in network?
|
||||
[ECMP (equal cost multi path)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-cost_multi-path_routing)
|
||||
comes to the mind right away. Given that
|
||||
kubernetes nodes can BGP peer with the network (upstream or the
|
||||
switches), this basically gives load balancing to the world for free:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[ The Internet ]
|
||||
|
|
||||
[ k8s-node-1 ]-----------[ network ]-----------[ k8s-node-n]
|
||||
[ ECMP ]
|
||||
|
|
||||
[ k8s-node-2]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In the real world on a bird based BGP upstream router
|
||||
this looks as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[18:13:02] red.place7:~# birdc show route
|
||||
BIRD 2.0.7 ready.
|
||||
Table master6:
|
||||
...
|
||||
2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::/108 unicast [place7-server1 2021-06-07] * (100) [AS65534i]
|
||||
via 2a0a:e5c0:13:0:225:b3ff:fe20:3554 on eth0
|
||||
unicast [place7-server4 2021-06-08] (100) [AS65534i]
|
||||
via 2a0a:e5c0:13:0:225:b3ff:fe20:3564 on eth0
|
||||
unicast [place7-server2 2021-06-07] (100) [AS65534i]
|
||||
via 2a0a:e5c0:13:0:225:b3ff:fe20:38cc on eth0
|
||||
unicast [place7-server3 2021-06-07] (100) [AS65534i]
|
||||
via 2a0a:e5c0:13:0:224:81ff:fee0:db7a on eth0
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Which results into the following kernel route:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
2a0a:e5c0:13:e2::/108 proto bird metric 32
|
||||
nexthop via 2a0a:e5c0:13:0:224:81ff:fee0:db7a dev eth0 weight 1
|
||||
nexthop via 2a0a:e5c0:13:0:225:b3ff:fe20:3554 dev eth0 weight 1
|
||||
nexthop via 2a0a:e5c0:13:0:225:b3ff:fe20:3564 dev eth0 weight 1
|
||||
nexthop via 2a0a:e5c0:13:0:225:b3ff:fe20:38cc dev eth0 weight 1 pref medium
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## TL;DR
|
||||
|
||||
We know, a TL;DR at the end is not the right thing to do, but hey, we
|
||||
are at ungleich, aren't we?
|
||||
|
||||
In a nutshell, with IPv6 the concept of **Ingress**,
|
||||
**Service** and the **LoadBalancer** ServiceType
|
||||
types need to be revised, as IPv6 allows direct access without having
|
||||
to jump through hoops.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interesting in continuing the discussion,
|
||||
we are there for you in
|
||||
**the #hacking:ungleich.ch Matrix channel**
|
||||
[you can signup here if you don't have an
|
||||
account](https://chat.with.ungleich.ch).
|
||||
|
||||
Or if you are interested in an IPv6 only kubernetes cluster,
|
||||
drop a mail to **support**-at-**ungleich.ch**.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
|||
title: Building stateless redundant IPv6 routers
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-04-21
|
||||
---
|
||||
author: ungleich virtualisation team
|
||||
---
|
||||
twitter_handle: ungleich
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_discoverable: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
abstract:
|
||||
It's time for IPv6 in docker, too.
|
||||
---
|
||||
body:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
interface eth1.2
|
||||
{
|
||||
AdvSendAdvert on;
|
||||
MinRtrAdvInterval 3;
|
||||
MaxRtrAdvInterval 5;
|
||||
AdvDefaultLifetime 10;
|
||||
|
||||
prefix 2a0a:e5c0:0:0::/64 { };
|
||||
prefix 2a0a:e5c0:0:10::/64 { };
|
||||
|
||||
RDNSS 2a0a:e5c0:0:a::a 2a0a:e5c0:0:a::b { AdvRDNSSLifetime 6000; };
|
||||
DNSSL place5.ungleich.ch { AdvDNSSLLifetime 6000; } ;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
title: Accessing IPv4 only hosts via IPv4
|
||||
title: Accessing IPv4 only hosts via IPv6
|
||||
---
|
||||
pub_date: 2021-02-28
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -282,7 +282,8 @@ content4_text:
|
|||
You can use [matterbridge](https://github.com/42wim/matterbridge) for
|
||||
bridging to other networks.
|
||||
Matterbridge can be set up with a one-time fee of **25 CHF per connected
|
||||
protocol** and **5 CHF/month and protocol** maintenance fee.
|
||||
protocol** and **5 CHF/month and protocol** maintenance fee
|
||||
(with the exception of WhatsApp, see below).
|
||||
Matterbridge supports the following protocols:
|
||||
|
||||
* Discord
|
||||
|
|
@ -297,10 +298,17 @@ Matterbridge supports the following protocols:
|
|||
* Steam
|
||||
* Telegram
|
||||
* Twitch
|
||||
* WhatsApp
|
||||
* XMPP
|
||||
* Zulip
|
||||
|
||||
### WhatsApp Bridge
|
||||
|
||||
As WhatsApp requires additional resources, the pricing for the
|
||||
WhatsApp bridge is
|
||||
|
||||
* 75 CHF one-time setup fee
|
||||
* 15 CHF/month
|
||||
|
||||
## Custom deployment consultancy
|
||||
|
||||
It is possible to integrate your Matrix instance into your other projects and apps. There are a lot of ways to best utilize the security and federation Matrix offers to best fit your usecase. Talk to us about your ideas and we will help you realise how to customize your Matrix. Get in touch with us via support -at- ungleich.ch and you will hear from our team.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -77,11 +77,9 @@ The IPv4-as-a-Service product includes an IPv6 network
|
|||
as described on the [IPv6 VPN](/u/products/ipv6-vpn/) page. We believe
|
||||
that every service should include IPv6 support.
|
||||
|
||||
## Related products
|
||||
## Ordering
|
||||
|
||||
* The [IPv4-to-IPv6 proxy](/u/products/ipv4-to-ipv6-proxy/) enables
|
||||
IPv6 only websites to be reachable from the IPv4 world.
|
||||
* The [IPv6VPN](/u/products/ipv6-vpn/) brings IPv6 anywhere
|
||||
Our standard IPv4 as a Service offer is made of yearly subscription with a one-time setup fee. Our team will get in touch with you for setup as soon as we receive the order.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
content1_image /u/image/ipv6-vpn-ungleich-swiss.jpg
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,6 +95,7 @@ offer1_text:
|
|||
* 80 bit of IPv6 space
|
||||
* Encrypted traffic until exit node in Switzerland
|
||||
* with a /48 network
|
||||
* [1 time setup fee 30 CHF](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/4aas-setup/)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer1_link: https://datacenterlight.ch/product/1x-static-ipv4-address/
|
||||
|
|
@ -115,6 +114,7 @@ offer2_text:
|
|||
* with a /48 network
|
||||
* You save 8 CHF/year
|
||||
* Other features same as the regular offer
|
||||
* [1 time setup fee 30 CHF](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/4aas-setup/)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer2_link: https://datacenterlight.ch/product/2x-static-ipv4-addresses/
|
||||
|
|
@ -125,6 +125,44 @@ offer3_text:
|
|||
|
||||
* Usable only with VMs from IPv6OnlyHosting.com or DataCenterLight.ch
|
||||
* Other features same as the regular offer
|
||||
* [1 time setup fee 30 CHF](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/4aas-setup/)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer3_link: https://datacenterlight.ch/product/1x-static-IPv4-address-for-dcl-customers/
|
||||
---
|
||||
content2_text:
|
||||
|
||||
## Monthly IPv4 as a Service
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to try the IPv4 as a service for a shorter period for test purpose, you can opt for a monthly plan. You can switch it to a yearly plan anytime, there will be no additional setup fee charged in such cases.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer4_title: 1x static IPv4 address 18 CHF/month
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer4_text:
|
||||
|
||||
* IPv4 address registered in Switzerland
|
||||
* Static, dedicated address
|
||||
* Secured with wireguard
|
||||
* /48 IPv6 network included for free
|
||||
* 80 bit of IPv6 space
|
||||
* Encrypted traffic until exit node in Switzerland
|
||||
* with a /48 network
|
||||
* [1 time setup fee 30 CHF](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/4aas-setup/)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer4_link: https://datacenterlight.ch/product/ipv4-as-a-service-monthly/
|
||||
---
|
||||
content4_text:
|
||||
|
||||
## Related products
|
||||
|
||||
* The [IPv4-to-IPv6 proxy](/u/products/ipv4-to-ipv6-proxy/) enables
|
||||
IPv6 only websites to be reachable from the IPv4 world.
|
||||
* The [IPv6VPN](/u/products/ipv6-vpn/) brings IPv6 anywhere
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ header_text_color: text-light
|
|||
---
|
||||
nav_classes: navbar-dark
|
||||
---
|
||||
image: /u/image/cards/ipv6camera-new.jpg
|
||||
image: /u/image/cards/ipv6camera.jpg
|
||||
---
|
||||
content1_text:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -46,31 +46,15 @@ Like everything we do at ungleich, the whole stack is fully Open Source.
|
|||
|
||||
All files that are required to configure the IPv6-eye can be found in the ungleich-tools repository.
|
||||
|
||||
## Crowdfunding the cameras
|
||||
|
||||
We are sourcing this camera via [crowdfunding.](https://swiss-crowdfunder.com/campaigns/the-1000-eyes-project) We will need to get 100 units to place a minimum order to the manufacturer.
|
||||
|
||||
### Bonus
|
||||
|
||||
If we exceed the minimum goal of 100 IPv6 eyes, we will add some exciting goodies that you can opt in. Just to name a few,
|
||||
|
||||
- A battery and solar panel option
|
||||
- 4G/LTE option
|
||||
- IPv4 proxy support for every eye - that means every eye will also be accessible from the IPv4 Internet
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Price
|
||||
|
||||
- IPv6 Camera with world wide shipping for VERY EARLY BIRD price: 90 CHF (Limited stock)
|
||||
- IPv6 Camera with world wide shipping for EARLY BIRD price: 100 CHF (Limited stock)
|
||||
- IPv6 Camera with world wide shipping price: 123 CHF
|
||||
- IPv6 Camera is 123 CHF.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Very Early Bird and Early Bird is each limited to 8 and 20 units.
|
||||
|
||||
## How to place an order
|
||||
|
||||
We deliver worldwide. You can place a preorder on our [crowdfunding page](https://swiss-crowdfunder.com/campaigns/the-1000-eyes-project) Our team will get back to you with payment information. You can choose to get a full refund when we do not reach our crowdfunding goal amount.
|
||||
We deliver worldwide. You can place an order to support (at) ungleich.ch with your shipping address. Our team will get back to you with payment information.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
content2_image: 1000eyes-vertical.jpg
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ content1_text:
|
|||
|
||||
The IPv6 car tracker is based on the
|
||||
[VIWIB](/u/products/viwib-wifi-ipv6-box/) with additional add-ons. It
|
||||
works autonomously using a SIM card (not included) and an LTE modem.
|
||||
works autonomously using a SIM card and an LTE modem.
|
||||
|
||||
## The IPv6 car tracker package
|
||||
|
||||
The package contains:
|
||||
|
||||
* One VIWIB including 1 year of IPv6VPN subscription
|
||||
* One VIWIB including 1 year of [IPv6VPN](../ipv6-vpn/) subscription
|
||||
* One USB HUB
|
||||
* One USB car charger
|
||||
* One GPS receiver
|
||||
|
|
@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ Optional components:
|
|||
* USB Camera
|
||||
* Battery (30'000 mAh)
|
||||
|
||||
Not included: SIM card
|
||||
|
||||
## How to use it
|
||||
|
||||
Simply connect the usb car charger in your car. Then connect the VIWIB
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ content2_text:
|
|||
|
||||
## 1. VIIRB (VPN IPv6 IoT Router Box)
|
||||
|
||||
The VIIRB(https://viirb.ungleich.ch) is pre-configured with a Wireguard VPN. You can plug in VIIRB and you'll get IPv6 anywhere, anytime. The IPv6 connectivity is provided by
|
||||
The [VIIRB](https://viirb.ungleich.ch) is pre-configured with a Wireguard VPN. You can plug in VIIRB and you'll get IPv6 anywhere, anytime. The IPv6 connectivity is provided by
|
||||
[Data Center Light](https://ungleich.ch/u/projects/data-center-light/).
|
||||
|
||||
VIIRB features
|
||||
|
|
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ VIIRB features
|
|||
- CPU: MT7628, 580 MHz, MIPS 24K
|
||||
- Memory: 128MB, DDR2, 166MHz
|
||||
- Storage: 16M NOR on board, support SDXC up to 2TB
|
||||
- Wifi: 802.11n, 2T2R, speed up to 300Mbps.
|
||||
- Wifi: 802.11n, 2T2R, speed up to 300Mbps. (disabled by default, if you want Wifi enabled IPv6 holiday kit, you can opt for VIWIB instead of VIIRB)
|
||||
- Antenna: One U.FL slot, one on board antenna.
|
||||
- Ethernet: 1 port, up to 100Mbps.
|
||||
- USB: Support USB 2.0, up to 480MBit/s.
|
||||
|
|
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Regular price: 12 CHF
|
|||
|
||||
### Bonus: IPv6VPN included
|
||||
|
||||
A free subscription for 1 year is included. This way you can plug in
|
||||
A free subscription of [IPv6 VPN](../ipv6-vpn) for 1 year is included. This way you can plug in
|
||||
the VIIRB and just get started with IPv6.
|
||||
|
||||
Regular price: 120 CHF
|
||||
|
|
@ -89,22 +89,69 @@ Our IPv6 holiday kit is only 100 CHF for a limited period while our stock lasts.
|
|||
|
||||
Regular price would be 58 CHF (VIIRB) + 50 CHF (t-shirt) + 12 CHF (stickers) + 120 CHF (VPN) = 240 CHF. You save 140 CHF!
|
||||
|
||||
## Wifi enabled IPv6 Holiday Kit
|
||||
|
||||
## Ordering
|
||||
You can also opt for [VIWIB](../viwib-wifi-ipv6-box/) instead of VIIRB as your IPv6 Holiday Kit! The price for VIWIB IPv6 Holiday Kit is 110 CHF, just 10 CHF more than the VIIRB kit.
|
||||
|
||||
We deliver worldwide. To order the IPv6 holiday kit, send us an email with your shipping address and your t-shirt size to support -at- ungleich.ch. Our team will get back to you with payment information.
|
||||
|
||||
### Shipping costs
|
||||
|
||||
When you order we will confirm the actual shipping cost before
|
||||
payment. To Switzerland, you can pay with credit card on the page below.
|
||||
|
||||
* [Order to Switzerland: +10 CHF](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/ipv6-holiday-ch/)
|
||||
* [Order to Sweden: +14 CHF](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/ipv6-holiday-eu/)
|
||||
We ship world wide. If your country of residence is not in the list below, get in touch with our support and we will let you know the shipping cost. You can order multiple VIIRBs within the same package.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
| Country | Economy (no tracking) | Priority (with tracking) |
|
||||
|---------------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------------|
|
||||
| Switzerland, Liechtenstein | 10 CHF | 14 CHF|
|
||||
| Denmark, Finland, Sweden | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| Germany, Austria, France | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| Portugal, Italy, Spain | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| Latvia, The Netherlands, Iceland | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| Romania, Great Britain, Czech Republic | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| South Korea | 16 CHF | 29 CHF|
|
||||
| Canada, US, India, Australia | 23 CHF | 29 CHF|
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Ordering
|
||||
|
||||
We deliver worldwide. You can place an order with a credit card and send us an email with your shipping address and your t-shirt size to support -at- ungleich.ch. Payment via wire transfer is also available, get in touch with our support with your shipping address.
|
||||
|
||||
All prices exluding VAT.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
content2_image: ipv6-holiday-vertical.jpg
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer4_title: IPv6 Holiday Kit shipped to Switzerland 110 CHF
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer4_text:
|
||||
|
||||
* 1 VIIRB, 1 IPv6 Tshirt, 3 IPv6 stickers
|
||||
* 1 year subscription of IPv6 VPN included
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer4_link: https://datacenterlight.ch/product/ipv6-holiday-ch/
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer5_title: IPv6 Holiday Kit shipped to EU 114 CHF
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer5_text:
|
||||
|
||||
* 1 VIIRB, 1 IPv6 Tshirt, 3 IPv6 stickers
|
||||
* 1 year subscription of IPv6 VPN included
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer5_link: https://datacenterlight.ch/product/ipv6-holiday-eu/
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer6_title: IPv6 Holiday Kit with VIWIB 10 CHF
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer6_text:
|
||||
|
||||
* Replace VIIRB into VIWIB in your IPv6 Holiday Kit order
|
||||
* Can be ordered in addition to IPv6 Holiday Kit order
|
||||
* Stable Wifi enabled for your Holiday!
|
||||
* 10 CHF one-time charge
|
||||
* This option is only possible before shipping started
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer6_link: https://datacenterlight.ch/product/replace-viirb-into-viwib/
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -24,15 +24,9 @@ content1_text:
|
|||
|
||||
## IPv6 Mobile Internet Router
|
||||
|
||||
Here at ungleich we did quite some research to find
|
||||
IPv6 routers that work well with IPv6, are Open Source and fun to use.
|
||||
Looking for the IPv6 routers that work well with IPv6, are Open Source and fun to use? We heard you. Save your time and nerve for searching endlessly, our IPv6 experts at ungleich did the job for you. Here are three routers we recommend for using with mobile Internet (SIM cards):
|
||||
|
||||
## The Routers
|
||||
|
||||
We have three routers that we can recommend for using with mobile
|
||||
Internet (SIM cards):
|
||||
|
||||
### The small one: the VIIRB
|
||||
### The smallest: the VIIRB
|
||||
|
||||
The [VIIRB](/u/products/viirb-ipv6-box/) has one Ethernet port and can
|
||||
be used to provide IPv6 enabled Internet to an existing network.
|
||||
|
|
@ -120,3 +114,5 @@ A VIGIR with pre-configured IPv6VPN and included Cat6 LTE modem.
|
|||
|
||||
* [Order VIGIR to Australia, Canada, India, US](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/vigir-us/)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
content1_image: ipv6-mobile-router.jpg
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 248 KiB |
|
|
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ feature1_title: Necessary
|
|||
feature1_text: The Internet [ran out of IPv4
|
||||
space](https://www.ripe.net/publications/news/about-ripe-ncc-and-ripe/the-ripe-ncc-has-run-out-of-ipv4-addresses)
|
||||
by the end of 2019. While you can acquire IPv4 space on the market, it
|
||||
is very expensive and effectively limiting new projects to come into
|
||||
is constly and effectively limiting new projects to come into
|
||||
existence. IPv6 fixes all of this, today.
|
||||
---
|
||||
feature2_title: Sustainable & Simple
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -51,13 +51,15 @@ You receive alerting via E-Mail when you have hosted monitoring with us. By gett
|
|||
|
||||
## Pricing
|
||||
|
||||
Transparent pricing: the cost is made of two parts, a one-time initial setup fee and the monthly plan you choose. Our team will get in touch with you as soon as we receive the order.
|
||||
The cost is made of two parts, a one-time initial setup fee and the monthly plan you choose.
|
||||
For monitoring we setup a dual stack VM with 1 core, 1 GB RAM,
|
||||
10 GB SSD: 11.5 CHF + 100 GB Storage 2 CHF / 100GB = 13.5 CHF
|
||||
|
||||
One time setup fee is 30 CHF and to be paid only once at the beginning of monitoring setup.
|
||||
Maintenance fee 8 CHF/month is included in the monthly monitoring.
|
||||
|
||||
Our team will get in touch with you as soon as we receive the order.
|
||||
|
||||
Note: You can increase storage space with a short downtime (about 5
|
||||
minutes) at any time.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
110
content/u/products/ungleich-sla/contents.lr
Normal file
110
content/u/products/ungleich-sla/contents.lr
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
|
|||
_discoverable: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
_hidden: no
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: ungleich SLA levels
|
||||
---
|
||||
subtitle: ungleich service level agreements
|
||||
---
|
||||
description1:
|
||||
|
||||
What is the right SLA (service level agreement) for you? At ungleich
|
||||
we know that every organisation has individual needs and resources.
|
||||
Depending on your need, we offer different types of service level
|
||||
agreements.
|
||||
|
||||
## The standard SLA
|
||||
|
||||
If not otherwise specified in the product or service you acquired from
|
||||
us, the standard SLA will apply. This SLA covers standard operations
|
||||
and is suitable for non-critical deployments. The standard SLA covers:
|
||||
|
||||
* Target uptime of all services: 99.9%
|
||||
* Service level: best effort
|
||||
* Included for all products
|
||||
* Support via support@ungleich.ch (answered 9-17 on work days)
|
||||
* Individual Development and Support available at standard rate of 220 CHF/h
|
||||
* No telephone support
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
feature1_title: Bronze SLA
|
||||
---
|
||||
feature1_text:
|
||||
|
||||
The business SLA is suited for running regular applications with a
|
||||
focus of business continuity and individual support. Compared to the
|
||||
standard SLA it **guarantees you responses within 5 hours** on work
|
||||
days. You also can **reach our staff at extended** hours.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
feature2_title: Enterprise SLA
|
||||
---
|
||||
feature2_text:
|
||||
|
||||
The Enterprise SLA is right for you if you need high availability, but
|
||||
you don't require instant reaction times from our team.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
How this works:
|
||||
|
||||
* All services are setup in a high availability setup (additional
|
||||
charges for resources apply)
|
||||
* The target uptime of services: 99.99%
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
feature3_title: High Availability (HA) SLA
|
||||
---
|
||||
feature3_text:
|
||||
If your application is mission critical, this is the right SLA for
|
||||
you. The **HA SLA** guarantees high availability, multi location
|
||||
deployments with cross-datacenter backups and fast reaction times
|
||||
on 24 hours per day.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer1_title: Business SLA
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer1_text:
|
||||
|
||||
* Target uptime of all services: 99.9%
|
||||
* Service level: guaranteed reaction within 1 business day
|
||||
* Development/Support (need to phrase this well): 180 CHF/h
|
||||
* Telephone support (8-18 work days)
|
||||
* Mail support (8-18 work days)
|
||||
* Optional out of business hours hotline (360 CHF/h)
|
||||
* 3'000 CHF/6 months
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer1_link: https://ungleich.ch/u/contact/
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer2_title: Enterprise SLA
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer2_text:
|
||||
|
||||
** Requires High availability setup for all services with separate pricing
|
||||
* Service level: reaction within 4 hours
|
||||
* Telephone support (24x7 work days)
|
||||
* Services are provided in multiple data centers
|
||||
* Included out of business hours hotline (180 CHF/h)
|
||||
* 18'000 CHF/6 months
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer2_link: https://ungleich.ch/u/contact/
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer3_title: HA SLA
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer3_text:
|
||||
|
||||
* Uptime guarantees >= 99.99%
|
||||
* Ticketing system reaction time < 3h
|
||||
* 24x7 telephone support
|
||||
* Applications running in multiple data centers
|
||||
* Minimum monthly fee: 3000 CHF (according to individual service definition)
|
||||
|
||||
Individual pricing. Contact us on support@ungleich.ch for an indivual
|
||||
quote and we will get back to you.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
offer3_link: https://ungleich.ch/u/contact/
|
||||
|
|
@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ remotely via IPv6? You can do it with the VIIRB!
|
|||
* Storage: 16M NOR on board, support SDXC up to 2TB
|
||||
* Wifi: 802.11n, 2T2R, speed up to 300Mbps. (**disabled by default**,
|
||||
see below)
|
||||
* Antenna: One U.FL slot, one on board antenna.
|
||||
* Antenna: One U.FL slot, one on board antenna.
|
||||
* Ethernet: 1 port, up to 100Mbps.
|
||||
* USB: Support USB 2.0, up to 480MBit/s.
|
||||
* USB debugging: there is a serial console on the micro USB port
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -91,11 +91,6 @@ OpenWrt and is pre-configured with the [IPv6VPN](https://ipv6vpn.ch).
|
|||
A free subscription for 1 year is included. This way you can plug in
|
||||
the VIWIB and just get started with IPv6.
|
||||
|
||||
## Ordering
|
||||
|
||||
The preorder is open now. To order the VIWIB, send an email with your shipping address and
|
||||
the requested quantity to **support -at- ungleich.ch**. Let us know if you want tracked or untracked shipping.
|
||||
The shipment is planned to begin in mid December 2020.
|
||||
|
||||
### Price
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -109,8 +104,23 @@ All prices exclude VAT and shipping costs.
|
|||
|
||||
### Shipping costs
|
||||
|
||||
You can order up to 4 VIWIBs within one order. In other words:
|
||||
only 1 time shipping cost for 1,2,3 or 4 VIWIBs.
|
||||
We ship world wide. If your country of residence is not in the list below, get in touch with our support and we will let you know the shipping cost. You can order multiple VIIRBs within the same package.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
| Country | Economy (no tracking) | Priority (with tracking) |
|
||||
|---------------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------------|
|
||||
| Switzerland, Liechtenstein | 10 CHF | 14 CHF|
|
||||
| Denmark, Finland, Sweden | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| Germany, Austria, France | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| Portugal, Italy, Spain | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| Latvia, The Netherlands, Iceland | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| Romania, Great Britain, Czech Republic | 14 CHF | 24 CHF|
|
||||
| South Korea | 16 CHF | 29 CHF|
|
||||
| Canada, US, India, Australia | 23 CHF | 29 CHF|
|
||||
|
||||
You can order with a credit card via following links. Payment via wire transfer is also available, get in touch with our support with your shipping address.
|
||||
|
||||
## Ordering
|
||||
|
||||
* [Order to Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Iceland,
|
||||
The Netherlands,
|
||||
|
|
@ -120,8 +130,8 @@ only 1 time shipping cost for 1,2,3 or 4 VIWIBs.
|
|||
Romania, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Czech Republic](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/viwib-2-eu/)
|
||||
* [Order to Switzerland: +10 CHF](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/viwib-ch/)
|
||||
* [Order 2 VIWIBs to Switzerland](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/viwib-2-ch/)
|
||||
* [Order to Australia, Canada, India, South Korea, US: +16 CHF](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/viwib-us/)
|
||||
* [Order 2 VIWIBs to Australia, Canada, India, South Korea, US](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/viwib-2-us/)
|
||||
* [Order to Australia, Canada, India, US: +23 CHF](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/viwib-us/)
|
||||
* [Order 2 VIWIBs to Australia, Canada, India, US](https://datacenterlight.ch/product/viwib-2-us/)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The following countries can get the VIWIB with priority shipping with tracking. If you want to receive VIIRB with tracked shipping, get in touch with our team with your shipping address.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -58,6 +58,15 @@ Checkout the [SBB
|
|||
page](https://www.sbb.ch/de/kaufen/pages/fahrplan/fahrplan.xhtml?von=Zurich&nach=Diesbach-Betschwanden)
|
||||
for the next train.
|
||||
|
||||
The address is:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Hacking Villa
|
||||
Hauptstrasse 28
|
||||
8777 Diesbach
|
||||
Switzerland
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
content1_image: hacking-villa-diesbach.jpg
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -45,6 +45,16 @@ Specifically for learning new technologies and to exchange knowledge
|
|||
we created the **Hacking & Learning channel** which can be found at
|
||||
**#hacking-and-learning:ungleich.ch**.
|
||||
|
||||
## Kubernetes
|
||||
|
||||
Recently (in 2021) we started to run Kubernetes cluster at
|
||||
ungleich. We share our experiences in **#kubernetes:ungleich.ch**.
|
||||
|
||||
## Ceph
|
||||
|
||||
To exchange experiences and trouble shooting for ceph, we are running
|
||||
**#ceph:ungleich.ch**.
|
||||
|
||||
## cdist
|
||||
|
||||
We meet for cdist discussions about using, developing and more
|
||||
|
|
@ -57,7 +67,7 @@ We discuss topics related to sustainability in
|
|||
|
||||
## More channels
|
||||
|
||||
* The main / hangout channel is **o#town-square:ungleich.ch** (also bridged
|
||||
* The main / hangout channel is **#town-square:ungleich.ch** (also bridged
|
||||
to Freenode IRC as #ungleich and
|
||||
[discord](https://discord.com/channels/706144469925363773/706144469925363776))
|
||||
* The bi-yearly hackathon Hack4Glarus can be found in
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue