Finish design / stateless NAT64
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Nico Schottelius
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doc/Design.tex
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doc/Design.tex
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@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
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\chapter{\label{design}Design}
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%** Design.tex: How was the problem attacked, what was the design
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% the architecture
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In this chapter we describe the architecture of our solution.
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In this chapter we describe the architecture of our solution and our
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design choices.
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% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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\section{\label{design:configuration}IPv6 and IPv4 configuration}
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@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ for the discussion.
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All IPv6 addresses are from the documentation block
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\textit{2001:DB8::/32}~\cite{rfc3849}. In particular the following sub
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networks and IPv6 addresses are used:
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\begin{table}[htbp]
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\begin{center}\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
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\begin{tabular}{| c | c |}
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@ -67,12 +67,78 @@ from the 10.0.0.0/8 range as follows:
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\label{tab:ipv4address}
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\end{center}
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\end{table}
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% ok
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% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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\section{\label{design:nat64}NAT64 with P4 - FIXME: elaborate}
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\section{\label{design:tests}NAT64 Verification}
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We use socat~\cite{rieger:_multip} to verify basic operation of the
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NAT64 gateway and iperf~\cite{dugan:_tcp_udp_sctp} to test stability
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of the implementation and measure bandwidth.
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In particular we use
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the commands listed in table \ref{tab:nat64verification}. The socat
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commands allow interactive testing on TCP and UDP connections, while
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the iperf commands fully utilise the available bandwidth with test
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data.
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The socat and iperf commands are used to verify all three NAT64
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implementations (p4, tayga, jool).
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\begin{table}[htbp]
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\begin{center}\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
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\begin{tabular}{| c | c | c |}
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\hline
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\textbf{Command} & \textbf{Example} & \textbf{Description} \\
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\hline
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\texttt{socat - TCP6:HOST:PORT} & socat -
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TCP6:[2001:db8:42::a00:2a]:2345 & Connect via IPv6/TCP\\
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& & to IPv4 host\\
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%\hline
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\texttt{socat - UDP6:HOST:PORT} & socat -
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UDP6:[2001:db8:42::a00:2a]:2345 & Connect via IPv6/UDP \\ & & to IPv4 host\\
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%\hline
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\texttt{socat - TCP:HOST:PORT} & socat -
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TCP:10.0.1.42:2345 & Connect via IPv4/TCP \\ & & to IPv6 host \\
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%\hline
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\texttt{socat - UDP:HOST:PORT} & socat -
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UDP:10.0.1.42:2345 & Connect via IPv4/UDP \\ & & to IPv6 host \\
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\hline
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\texttt{socat - UDP6-LISTEN:PORT} & socat -
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UDP6-LISTEN:2345 & Listen on IPv6/UDP \\
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%\hline
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\texttt{socat - TCP6-LISTEN:PORT} & socat -
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TCP6-LISTEN:2345 & Listen on IPv6/TCP \\
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%\hline
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\texttt{socat - UDP-LISTEN:PORT} & socat -
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UDP-LISTEN:2345 & Listen on IPv4/UDP \\
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%\hline
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\texttt{socat - TCP-LISTEN:PORT} & socat -
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TCP-LISTEN:2345 & Listen on IPv4/TCP \\
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\hline
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\texttt{iperf3 -PROTO -p PORT} & iperf3 -4 -p 2345 & IPv4 iperf server\\
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\texttt{-B IP -s} & -B 10.0.0.42 -s &\\
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& iperf3 -6 -p 2345 & IPv6 iperf server\\
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& -B 2001:db8:42::42 -s & \\
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\hline
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\texttt{iperf3 -PROTO -p PORT } & iperf3 -6 -p 2345& Connect to iperf server\\
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\texttt{-O IGNORETIME -t RUNTIME} & -O 10 -t 190 &
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Run for 190 seconds, \\
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& & skip first 10 seconds\\
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\texttt{-P PARALLEL -c IP} & -P20 -c 2001:db8:23::2a &
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with 20 sessions\\
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& & connecting to\\
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& & 2001:db8:23::2a\\
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\texttt{iperf3 -PROTO -p PORT} & & Same as above,\\
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\texttt{-O IGNORETIME -t RUNTIME} & & but connect via UDP\\
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\texttt{-P PARALLEL -c IP} & & \\
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\texttt{-u -b0} & & \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{minipage}
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\caption{NAT64 verification commands}
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\label{tab:nat64verification}
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\end{center}
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\end{table}
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% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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\section{\label{design:nat64}NAT64 with P4}
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{switchdesign}
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\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{switchdesign}
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\centering
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\caption{P4 Switch Architecture}
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\label{fig:switchdesign}
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@ -83,7 +149,7 @@ the translation mechansims stateless and stateful NAT64. While higher
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layer protocol dependent translations are more flexible, this topic
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has already been addressed in
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\cite{nico18:_implem_layer_ipv4_ipv6_rever_proxy} and the focus in
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this thesis is on the practicability of high speed NAT64.
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this thesis is on the practicability of high speed NAT64 with P4.
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The high level design can be seen in figure \ref{fig:switchdesign}: a
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P4 capable switch is running our code to provide NAT64
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functionality. A P4 switch cannot manage its tables on it own and
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@ -107,17 +173,16 @@ port.
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\end{figure}
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Software NAT64 solutions typically require routing to be applied to
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transport the packet to the NAT64 translator as shown in
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transport the packet to the NAT64 translator as shown in figure
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\ref{fig:v6v4standard}.
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Our design differs here: while routing could be used like described
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above, NAT64 with P4 does not require any routing to be setup. Figure
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\ref{fig:v6v4mixed} shows a network design that can be realised using
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\ref{fig:v6v4mixed} shows the network design that we realise using
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P4. This design has multiple advantages: first it reduces the number
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of devices to pass and thus directly reduces the RTT. Secondly it
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of devices to pass and thus directly reduces the RTT, secondly it
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allows translation of IP addresses within the same logic network
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segment.
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{v6-v4-mixed}
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\centering
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@ -125,72 +190,46 @@ segment.
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\label{fig:v6v4mixed}
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\end{figure}
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allows our solution to be used as a standard NAT64
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translation method or as an in network NAT64 translation (compare
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figures \ref{fig:v6v4innetwork} and \ref{fig:v6v4standard}). The
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controller is implemented in python, the NAT64 solution is implemented
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in P4. The network
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{networkdesignnat64}
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\centering
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\caption{Network design}
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\label{fig:switchdesign}
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\end{figure}
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from intro:
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Figures \ref{fig:v6v4standard} shows the standard NAT64
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approach and \ref{fig:v6v4innetwork} shows our solution.
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%% \begin{figure}[h]
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%% \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{v6-v4-innetwork}
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%% \centering
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%% \caption{In Network NAT64 translation}
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%% \label{fig:v6v4innetwork}
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%% \end{figure}
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Describe network layouts
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\begin{verbatim}
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- IPv6 subnet 2001:db8::/32
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- IPv6 hosts are in 2001:db8:6::/64
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- IPv6 default router (::/0) is 2001:db8:6::42/64
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- IPv4 mapped Internet "NAT64 prefix" 2001:db8:4444::/96 (should
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go into a table)
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- IPv4 hosts are in 10.0.4.0/24
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- IPv6 in IPv4 mapped hosts are in 10.0.6.0/24
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- IPv4 default router = 10.0.0.42
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\end{verbatim}
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Describe testing methods
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\begin{verbatim}
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def test_v4_udp_to_v6(self):
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print('mx h3 "echo V4-OK | socat - UDP:10.1.1.1:2342"')
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print('mx h1 "echo V6-OK | socat - UDP-LISTEN:2342"')
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return
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p4@ubuntu:~$ mx h1 "echo V6-OK | socat - UDP6-LISTEN:2342"
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p4@ubuntu:~/master-thesis/bin$ mx h3 "echo V4-OK | socat - UDP:10.1.1.1:2342"
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while true; do mx h3 "echo V4-OK | socat - TCP-LISTEN:2343"; sleep 2;
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done
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while true; do mx h1 "echo V6-OK | socat -
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TCP6:[2001:db8:1::a00:1]:2343"; sleep 2; done
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mx h1 "echo V6-OK | socat - TCP6:[2001:db8:1::a00:1]:2343"
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\end{verbatim}
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% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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\section{\label{design:statelessnat64}Stateless NAT64 - FIXME: write}
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Only using /96. Using addition.
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\section{\label{design:statelessnat64}Stateless NAT64}
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As seen in section \ref{background:transition:stateless}, stateless
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NAT64 can be implemented using various factors. Our design for the
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stateless depends on the capabilities of the environment and is
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summarised in table \ref{tab:statelessnat64factors}.
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\begin{table}[htbp]
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\begin{center}\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
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\begin{tabular}{| c | c |}
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\hline
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\textbf{Implementation} & \textbf{NAT64 match}\\
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\hline
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P4/BMV2 & LPM (both directions)\\
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& and individual entries (both directions)\\
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\hline
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P4/NetPFGA & Individual entries\\
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\hline
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Tayga & LPM (IPv6 to IPv4) and individual entries (IPv4 to IPv6)\\
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\hline
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Jool & LPM (both directions)\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{minipage}
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\caption{NAT64 match factors}
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\label{tab:statelessnat64factors}
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\end{center}
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\end{table}
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When using LPM for translating from IPv6 to IPv4, a /96 IPv6 network
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is configured for covering the whole IPv4 Internet and the individual
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IPv4 address is appended to the prefix (compare section
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\ref{design:configuration}). We also use LPM to match on an IPv4 sub
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network that translates to an IPv6 sub network. Individual
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entries are configured differently depending on the implementation:
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Limitations in the P4/NetFPGA environment require to use table
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entries. Jool supports individual entries as a special case of LPM,
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with a network mask matching only one IP address. Tayga
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support LPM for translation from IPv6 to IPv4, but requires invidiual
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entries for translating from IPv4 to IPv6. Our P4/BMV2 offers the
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highest degree of flexibility, as it provides support for invidual
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entries based on table entries and LPM table entries.
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% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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\section{\label{design:statefulnat64}Stateful NAT64 - FIXME: write}
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- controller selects "outgoing" IPv4 address range => base for sessions
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@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ P4 software implementation.
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- Does not / never signal end
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- Needs timeout for cleaning up
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P4/BMV2 thus
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allows us to closest resemble any other translation implementation.
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Only supporting /96, not other embeddings as described in
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section \ref{background:transition:prefixnat}.
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BIN
doc/Thesis.pdf
BIN
doc/Thesis.pdf
Binary file not shown.
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@ -163,3 +163,15 @@
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title = {IPv4 Address Report},
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howpublished = {\url{https://ipv4.potaroo.net/}},
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note = {Requested on 2019-08-18}}
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@Misc{rieger:_multip,
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author = {Gerhard Rieger},
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title = {socat - Multipurpose relay},
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howpublished = {\url{http://www.dest-unreach.org/socat/}},
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note = {Requested on 2019-08-19}}
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@Misc{dugan:_tcp_udp_sctp,
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author = {Jon Dugan and Seth Elliott and Bruce A. Mah and Jeff Poskanzer and Kaustubh Prabhu},
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title = {iPerf - The ultimate speed test tool for TCP, UDP and SCTP},
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howpublished = {\url{https://iperf.fr/}},
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note = {Requested on 2019-08-19}}
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