573 lines
23 KiB
Text
573 lines
23 KiB
Text
ccollect - Installing, Configuring and Using
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============================================
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Nico Schottelius <nico-linux-ccollect__@__schottelius.org>
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0.3.1, for ccollect 0.3.1, Initial Version from 2005-01-13
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:Author Initials: NS
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(pseudo) incremental backup
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with different exclude lists
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using hardlinks and `rsync`
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Introduction
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------------
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ccollect is a backup utitily written in the sh-scripting language.
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It does not depend on a specific shell, only `/bin/sh` needs to be
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bourne shell compatibel (like 'dash', 'ksh', 'zsh', 'bash', ...).
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Why you can only backup TO localhost
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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While thinking about the design of ccollect, I thought about enabling
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backup to *remote* hosts. Though this sounds like a nice feature
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('Backup my notebook to the server now.'), it is in my opinion a
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bad idea to backup to a remote host, because you have to open
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security at your backup host. Think of the following situation: You backup
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your farm of webservers *to* a backup host somewhere else. One of
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your webservers gets compromised, then your backup server will be compromised,
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too. Think of it the other way round: The backup server (now behind a
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firewall using NAT and strong firewall rules) connects to the
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webservers and pulls the data to it. If someone gets access to the
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webserver, the person will perhaps not even see your machine. If
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he/she sees that there are connections from a host to the compromised
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machine, he/she will not be able to login to the backup machine.
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All other backups are still secure.
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Requirements
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------------
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Installing ccollect
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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For the installation, you need at least
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- either `cp` and `chmod` or `install`
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- for more comfort: `make`
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- for rebuilding the generated documentation: additionally `asciidoc`
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Using ccollect
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.Running ccollect requires the following tools installed:
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- `bc`
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- `cp` with support for hard links ('cp -al')
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- `date`
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- `rsync`
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- `ssh` (if you want to use rsync over ssh, which is recommened for security)
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Installing
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----------
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Either type 'make install' or simply copy it to a directory in your
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$PATH and execute 'chmod *0755* /path/to/ccollect.sh'.
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Configuring
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-----------
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Runtime options
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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`ccollect` looks for its configuration in '/etc/ccollect' or, if set, in
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the directory specified by the variable '$CCOLLECT_CONF'
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(use 'CCOLLECT_CONF=/your/config/dir ccollect.sh' on the shell).
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When you start `ccollect`, you have either to specify which intervall
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to backup (daily, weekly, yearly; you can specify the names yourself, see below).
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The intervall is used to specify how many backups to keep.
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There are also some self explaining parameters you can pass to ccollect, simply use
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"ccollect.sh --help" for info.
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General configuration
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The general configuration can be found below $CCOLLECT_CONF/defaults or
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/etc/ccollect/defaults. All options specified here are generally valid for
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all source definitions. Though the values can be overwritten in the source
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configuration.
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All configuration entries are plain-text (use UTF-8 if you use
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non ASCII characters) files.
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Intervall definition
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The intervall definition can be found below
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'$CCOLLECT_CONF/defaults/intervalls/' or '/etc/ccollect/defaults/intervalls'.
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Every file below this directory specifies an intervall. The name of the file is the
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name of the intervall: `intervalls/'<intervall name>'`.
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The content of this file should be a single line containing a number.
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This number defines how many versions of this intervall to keep.
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Example:
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[10:23] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% ls -l conf/defaults/intervalls/
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insgesamt 12
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-rw-r--r-- 1 nico users 3 2005-12-08 10:24 daily
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-rw-r--r-- 1 nico users 3 2005-12-08 11:36 monthly
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-rw-r--r-- 1 nico users 2 2005-12-08 11:36 weekly
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[10:23] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% cat conf/defaults/intervalls/*
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28
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12
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4
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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This means to keep 28 daily backups, 12 monthly backups and 4 weekly.
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General pre- and post-execution
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If you add '$CCOLLECT_CONF/defaults/`pre_exec`' or
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'/etc/ccollect/defaults/`pre_exec`' (same with `post_exec`), `ccollect`
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will start `pre_exec` before the whole backup process and
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`post_exec` after backup of all sources is done.
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The following Example describes how to report free disk space in
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human readable format before and after the whole backup process:
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[13:00] hydrogenium:~# mkdir -p /etc/ccollect/defaults/
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[13:00] hydrogenium:~# echo '!/bin/sh' > /etc/ccollect/defaults/pre_exec
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[13:01] hydrogenium:~# echo '' >> /etc/ccollect/defaults/pre_exec
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[13:01] hydrogenium:~# echo 'df -h' >> /etc/ccollect/defaults/pre_exec
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[13:01] hydrogenium:~# chmod 0755 /etc/ccollect/defaults/pre_exec
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[13:01] hydrogenium:~# ln -s /etc/ccollect/defaults/pre_exec /etc/ccollect/defaults/post_exec
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Source configuration
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Each source configuration exists below '$CCOLLECT_CONF/sources/$name' or
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'/etc/ccollect/sources/$name'.
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The name you choose for the subdirectory describes the source.
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Each source has at least the following files:
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- `source` (a text file containing the `rsync` compatible path to backup)
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- `destination` (a link to the directory we should backup to)
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Additionally a source may have the following files:
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- `verbose` whether to be verbose (passes -v to `rsync`)
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- `very_verbose` be very verbose (-v also for `mkdir`, `cp`, `rm`)
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- `summary` create a transfer summary when `rsync` finished
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- `exclude` exclude list for `rsync`. newline ('\n') seperated list.
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- `rsync_options' extra options to pass to `rsync`
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- `pre_exec` program to execute before backuping this source
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- `post_exec` program to execute after backuping this source
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Example:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[10:47] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% ls -l conf/sources/testsource2
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insgesamt 12
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lrwxrwxrwx 1 nico users 20 2005-11-17 16:44 destination -> /home/nico/backupdir
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-rw-r--r-- 1 nico users 62 2005-12-07 17:43 exclude
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drwxr-xr-x 2 nico users 4096 2005-12-07 17:38 intervalls
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-rw-r--r-- 1 nico users 15 2005-11-17 16:44 source
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[10:47] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% cat conf/sources/testsource2/exclude
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openvpn-2.0.1.tar.gz
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nicht_reinnehmen
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etwas mit leerzeichenli
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[10:47] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% ls -l conf/sources/testsource2/intervalls
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insgesamt 4
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-rw-r--r-- 1 nico users 2 2005-12-07 17:38 daily
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[10:48] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% cat conf/sources/testsource2/intervalls/daily
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5
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[10:48] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% cat conf/sources/testsource2/source
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/home/nico/vpn
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Detailled description of "source"
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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`source` describes a `rsync` compatible source (one line only).
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For instance 'backup_user@foreign_host:/home/server/video'.
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To use the `rsync` protocol without the `ssh`-tunnel, use
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'rsync::USER@HOST/SRC'. For more information have a look at `rsync`(1).
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Detailled description of "verbose"
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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`verbose` tells `ccollect` that the log should contain verbose messages.
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If this file exists in the source specification *-v* will be passed to `rsync`.
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Example:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[11:35] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% touch conf/sources/testsource1/verbose
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Detailled description of "very_verbose"
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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`very_verbose` tells `ccollect` that it should log very verbose.
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If this file exists in the source specification *-v* will be passed to
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`rsync`, `cp`, `rm` and `mkdir`.
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Example:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[23:67] nohost:~% touch conf/sources/testsource1/very_verbose
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Detailled description of "summary"
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If you create the file `summary` below the source definition,
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`ccollect` will present you with a nice summary at the end.
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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backup:~# touch /etc/ccollect/sources/root/summary
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backup:~# ccollect.sh werktags root
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==> ccollect.sh: Beginning backup using intervall werktags <==
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[root] Beginning to backup this source ...
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[root] Currently 3 backup(s) exist, total keeping 50 backup(s).
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[root] Beginning to backup, this may take some time...
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[root] Hard linking...
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[root] Transferring files...
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[root]
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[root] Number of files: 84183
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[root] Number of files transferred: 32
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[root] Total file size: 26234080536 bytes
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[root] Total transferred file size: 9988252 bytes
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[root] Literal data: 9988252 bytes
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[root] Matched data: 0 bytes
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[root] File list size: 3016771
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[root] File list generation time: 1.786 seconds
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[root] File list transfer time: 0.000 seconds
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[root] Total bytes sent: 13009119
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[root] Total bytes received: 2152
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[root]
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[root] sent 13009119 bytes received 2152 bytes 2891393.56 bytes/sec
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[root] total size is 26234080536 speedup is 2016.26
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[root] Successfully finished backup.
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==> Finished ccollect.sh <==
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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You could also combine it with `verbose` or `very_verbose`, but they
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already print some statistics (but not all / the same as presented by
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`summary`).
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Detailled description of "exclude"
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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`exclude` specifies a list of paths to exclude. The entries are new line (\n)
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seperated.
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Example:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[11:35] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% cat conf/sources/testsource2/exclude
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openvpn-2.0.1.tar.gz
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nicht_reinnehmen
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etwas mit leerzeichenli
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something with spaces is not a problem
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Detailled description of "destination"
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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`destination` must be a link to the destination directory.
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Example:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[11:36] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% ls -l conf/sources/testsource2/destination
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lrwxrwxrwx 1 nico users 20 2005-11-17 16:44 conf/sources/testsource2/destination -> /home/nico/backupdir
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Detailled description of "intervalls/"
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When you create a subdirectory `intervalls/` within your source configuration
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directory, you can specify individiual intervalls for this specific source.
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Each file below this directory describes an intervall.
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Example:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[11:37] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% ls -l conf/sources/testsource2/intervalls/
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insgesamt 8
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-rw-r--r-- 1 nico users 2 2005-12-07 17:38 daily
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-rw-r--r-- 1 nico users 3 2005-12-14 11:33 yearly
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[11:37] zaphodbeeblebrox:ccollect-0.2% cat conf/sources/testsource2/intervalls/*
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5
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20
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Detailled description of "rsync_options"
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When you create the file `rsync_options` below your source configuration,
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all the parameters found in this file will be passed to rsync. This
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way you can pass additional options to rsync. For instance you can tell rsync
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to show progress ("--progress") or which -password-file ("--password-file")
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to use for automatic backup over the rsync-protocol.
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Example:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[23:42] hydrogenium:ccollect-0.2% cat conf/sources/test_rsync/rsync_options
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--password-file=/home/user/backup/protected_password_file
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Detailled description of "pre_exec" and "post_exec"
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When you create `pre_exec` and / or `post_exec` below your source
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configuration, `ccollect` will execute this command before,
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respective after doing the backup for *this specific* source.
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If you want to have pre-/post-exec before and after *all*
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backups, see above for general configuration.
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Example:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[13:09] hydrogenium:ccollect-0.3% cat conf/sources/with_exec/pre_exec
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#!/bin/sh
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# Show whats free before
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df -h
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[13:09] hydrogenium:ccollect-0.3% cat conf/sources/with_exec/post_exec
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#!/bin/sh
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# Show whats free after
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df -h
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Hints
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-----
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Using rsync protocol without ssh
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When you have a computer with little computing power, it may be useful to use
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rsync without ssh, directly using the rsync protocol
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(specify 'user@host::share' in `source`). You may wish to use
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`rsync_options` to specify a password file to use for automatic backup.
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Example:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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backup:~# cat /etc/ccollect/sources/sample.backup.host.org/source
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backup@webserver::backup-share
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backup:~# cat /etc/ccollect/sources/sample.backup.host.org/rsync_options
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--password-file=/etc/ccollect/sources/sample.backup.host.org/rsync_password
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backup:~# cat /etc/ccollect/sources/sample.backup.host.org/rsync_password
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this_is_the_rsync_password
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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This hint was reported by Daniel Aubry.
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Not-excluding top-level directories
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When you exclude "/proc" or "/mnt" from your backup, you may run into
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trouble when you restore your backup. When you use "/proc/\*" or "/mnt/\*"
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instead `ccollect` will backup empty directories.
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[NOTE]
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===========================================
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When those directories contain hidden files
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(those beginning with a dot (*.*)),
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they will still be transferred!
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===========================================
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This hint was reported by Marcus Wagner.
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Re-using already created rsync-backups
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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If you used `rsync` directly before you use `ccollect`, you can
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use this old backup as initial backup for `ccollect`: You
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simply move it into a subdirectory named "'intervall'.0".
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Example:
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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backup:/home/backup/web1# ls
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bin dev etc initrd lost+found mnt root srv usr vmlinuz
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boot doc home lib media opt sbin tmp var vmlinuz.old
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backup:/home/backup/web1# mkdir daily.0
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# ignore error about copying to itself
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backup:/home/backup/web1# mv * daily.0 2>/dev/null
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backup:/home/backup/web1# ls
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daily.0
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Now you could use /home/backup/web1 as the `destination` for the backup.
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[NOTE]
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===============================================================================
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Do *not* name the first backup something like "daily.initial", but use
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the "*0*" (or some very low number, at least lower than the current year)
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as extension. `ccollect` uses `sort` to find the latest backup. `ccollect`
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itself uses 'intervall.YEAR-MONTH-DAY-HOUR:MINUTE.PID'. This notation will
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*always* be before "daily.initial", as numbers are earlier in the list
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which is produced by `sort`. So, if you have a directory named "daily.initial",
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`ccollect` will always diff against this backup and transfer and delete
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files which where deleted in previous backups. This means you simply
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waste resources, but your backup will be complete.
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===============================================================================
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Using pre_/post_exec
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Your pre_/post_exec script does not need to be a script, you can also
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use a link to
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- an existing program
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- an already written script
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The only requirement is that it is executable.
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F.A.Q.
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------
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What happens, if one backup is broken or empty?
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Let us assume, that one backup failed (connection broke or hard disk had
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some failures). So we've one backup in our history, which is incomplete.
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The next time you use `ccollect`, it will transfer the missing files
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When backing up from localhost the destination is also included. Is this a bug?
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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No. `ccollect` passes your source definition directly to `rsync`. It
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does not try to analyze it. So it actually does not know if a source
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comes from local harddisk or from a remote server. And it does not want
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to. When you backup from the local harddisk (which is perhaps not
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even a good idea when thinking of security) add the `destination`
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to 'source/exclude'. (Daniel Aubry reported this problem)
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Why does ccollect say "Permission denied" with my pre-/postexec script?
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The most common error is to not give your script the correct
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permissions. Try `chmod 0755 /etc/ccollect/sources/'yoursource'/*_exec``.
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Examples
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--------
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A backup host configuration from scratch
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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srwali01:~# mkdir /etc/ccollect
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srwali01:~# mkdir -p /etc/ccollect/defaults/intervalls/
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srwali01:~# echo 28 > /etc/ccollect/defaults/intervalls/taeglich
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srwali01:~# echo 52 > /etc/ccollect/defaults/intervalls/woechentlich
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srwali01:~# cd /etc/ccollect/
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect# mkdir sources
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect# cd sources/
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# ls
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# mkdir local-root
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# cd local-root/
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/local-root# echo / > source
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/local-root# cat > exclude << EOF
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> /proc
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> /sys
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> /mnt
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> EOF
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/local-root# ln -s /mnt/hdbackup/local-root destination
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/local-root# mkdir /mnt/hdbackup/local-root
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srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/local-root# ccollect.sh taeglich local-root
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/o> ccollect.sh: Beginning backup using intervall taeglich
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/=> Beginning to backup "local-root" ...
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|-> 0 backup(s) already exist, keeping 28 backup(s).
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|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
After that, I added some more sources:
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
srwali01:~# cd /etc/ccollect/sources
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# mkdir windos-wl6
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# cd windos-wl6/
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/windos-wl6# echo /mnt/win/SYS/WL6 > source
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/windos-wl6# ln -s /mnt/hdbackup/wl6 destination
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/windos-wl6# mkdir /mnt/hdbackup/wl6
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/windos-wl6# cd ..
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# mkdir windos-daten
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/windos-daten# echo /mnt/win/Daten > source
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/windos-daten# ln -s /mnt/hdbackup/windos-daten destination
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/windos-daten# mkdir /mnt/hdbackup/windos-daten
|
|
|
|
# Now add some remote source
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/windos-daten# cd ..
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# mkdir srwali03
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# cd srwali03/
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/srwali03# cat > exclude << EOF
|
|
> /proc
|
|
> /sys
|
|
> /mnt
|
|
> /home
|
|
> EOF
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/srwali03# echo 'root@10.103.2.3:/' > source
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/srwali03# ln -s /mnt/hdbackup/srwali03 destination
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources/srwali03# mkdir /mnt/hdbackup/srwali03
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Using hard-links requires less disk space
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# du (coreutils) 5.2.1
|
|
[10:53] srsyg01:sources% du -sh ~/backupdir
|
|
4.6M /home/nico/backupdir
|
|
[10:53] srsyg01:sources% du -sh ~/backupdir/*
|
|
4.1M /home/nico/backupdir/daily.2005-12-08-10:52.28456
|
|
4.1M /home/nico/backupdir/daily.2005-12-08-10:53.28484
|
|
4.1M /home/nico/backupdir/daily.2005-12-08-10:53.28507
|
|
4.1M /home/nico/backupdir/daily.2005-12-08-10:53.28531
|
|
4.1M /home/nico/backupdir/daily.2005-12-08-10:53.28554
|
|
4.1M /home/nico/backupdir/daily.2005-12-08-10:53.28577
|
|
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# du -sh /mnt/hdbackup/wl6/
|
|
186M /mnt/hdbackup/wl6/
|
|
srwali01:/etc/ccollect/sources# du -sh /mnt/hdbackup/wl6/*
|
|
147M /mnt/hdbackup/wl6/taeglich.2005-12-08-14:42.312
|
|
147M /mnt/hdbackup/wl6/taeglich.2005-12-08-14:45.588
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
The backup of our main fileserver:
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
backup:~# df -h /home/backup/srsyg01/
|
|
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
|
|
/dev/mapper/backup--01-srsyg01
|
|
591G 451G 111G 81% /home/backup/srsyg01
|
|
backup:~# du -sh /home/backup/srsyg01/*
|
|
432G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-01-24-01:00.15990
|
|
432G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-01-26-01:00.30152
|
|
434G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-01-27-01:00.4596
|
|
435G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-01-28-01:00.11998
|
|
437G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-01-29-01:00.19115
|
|
437G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-01-30-01:00.26405
|
|
438G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-01-31-01:00.1148
|
|
439G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-02-01-01:00.8321
|
|
439G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-02-02-01:00.15383
|
|
439G /home/backup/srsyg01/daily.2006-02-03-01:00.22567
|
|
16K /home/backup/srsyg01/lost+found
|
|
backup:~# du --version | head -n1
|
|
du (coreutils) 5.2.1
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Newer versions of du also detect the hardlinks, so we can even compare
|
|
the sizes directly with du:
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
[8:16] eiche:~# du --version | head -n 1
|
|
du (GNU coreutils) 5.93
|
|
[8:17] eiche:schwarzesloch# du -slh hydrogenium/*
|
|
19G hydrogenium/durcheinander.0
|
|
18G hydrogenium/durcheinander.2006-01-17-00:27.13820
|
|
19G hydrogenium/durcheinander.2006-01-25-23:18.31328
|
|
19G hydrogenium/durcheinander.2006-01-26-00:11.3332
|
|
[8:22] eiche:schwarzesloch# du -sh hydrogenium/*
|
|
19G hydrogenium/durcheinander.0
|
|
12G hydrogenium/durcheinander.2006-01-17-00:27.13820
|
|
1.5G hydrogenium/durcheinander.2006-01-25-23:18.31328
|
|
200M hydrogenium/durcheinander.2006-01-26-00:11.3332
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
In the second report the sizes include the space the inodes of
|
|
the hardlinks allocate.
|